BIO201 Lab 2

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Lab 2 Cell Structure and Function BIO201L Student Name: Ani Harutyunyan Access Code (located on the lid of your lab kit): AC-BX89CU Lab Report Format Expecta0ons U"lize college level grammar and professional forma4ng when comple"ng this worksheet. Submissions without proper forma4ng, all required photos or suﬃcient responses will be rejected. Pre- lab Ques>ons 1. Iden7fy the major similari7es and differences between prokaryo7c and eukaryo7c cells. Similari7es: - ribosome - cytoplasm - gene7c material (DNA) - cell membrane Differences: - prokaryo7c cells have no nucleus / eukaryo7c cells have double nucleus membranes - prokaryo7c cells have no bounded organelle membrane // eukaryo7c cella are organelle membranes bonded together 2. Where is the DNA housed in a prokaryo7c cell? Where is it housed in a eukaryo7c cell? In a prokaryo7c cell, the DNA is housed in the nucleoid region, which isn't surrounded by a membrane.In a eukaryo7c cell, the DNA is primarily housed within the nucleus, which is a membrane-bound organelle. 3. Name three structures which provide support and protec7on in a eukaryo7c cell. - cell walls - cell membrane - cytoskeleton

Lab 2 Cell Structure and Function BIO201L EXPERIMENT 1: CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Introduc>on Ques>ons 1. What is the difference between the rough and smooth endoplasmic re7culum? Rough and smooth endoplasmic re7culum differ primarily in that the rough variant has ribosomes aUached to it, which are par7cles that synthesize proteins. Smooth Endoplas7c re7culuum does not have ribosomes on the surface and is smooth in texture. 2. Would an animal cell be able to survive without a mitochondria? Why or why not? Typically, an animal cell cannot survive without mitochondria because they are essen7al for energy produc7on. 3. What is the func7on of a lysosome? A lysosome is an organelle in eukaryo7c cells that func7ons as the cell's diges7ve system; it breaks down waste materials, cellular debris, and foreign invaders like bacteria using diges7ve enzymes.

Lab 2 Cell Structure and Function BIO201L Data and Observa>ons 1. In this experiment, you observed the cells of an onion root 7p at two different magnifica7ons. The 1000x magnifica7on. In the below image, label the features denoted by the A and B arrows. A. Chromosomes B. Nucleus Onion root >p, 1000x. Results and Discussion 1. Each of the three 1000x magnifica7on slides demonstrated different phases of mitosis. Which phases did you see? What did each of these look like? Be specific and format your response so that you clearly demonstrate which phases you iden7fied and how you iden7fied them based on the structure you noted. The three phases of mitosis shown in the image are prophase, metaphase, and anaphase. Phase 1: Prophase • The chromosomes have condensed and are visible as dis7nct threads. • The nuclear envelope has begun to break down. • The spindle apparatus is forming. Phase 2 : Metaphase • The chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate, which is the center of the cell.

Lab 2 Cell Structure and Function BIO201L • The spindle apparatus is fully formed and aUached to the chromosomes. Phase 3 : Anaphase • The sister chroma7ds have separated and are moving towards opposite poles of the cell. • The spindle apparatus is pulling the chroma7ds apart. Phase 4 : Telophase • The two sets of chromosomes have reached opposite poles of the cell. • The nuclear envelope is reforming around each set of chromosomes. • The spindle apparatus is disassembling.

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