Post-lab Acids and Bases (1212K)

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Georgia Institute Of Technology *

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1212K

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Chemistry

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Feb 20, 2024

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pdf

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Acids and Bases in Water: Reactions and Equilibrium 17 February 2023 CHEM 1212K Laboratory Abstract This experiment's objectives are to calculate pKa values and investigate the trend of % deprotonation at various beginning acid concentrations using equilibrium and acid/base chemistry concepts. The lab primarily examines the Bronsted-Lowry theory of acids and bases, which compares acids and bases according to how likely they are to take or give protons. Although the theoretical value of acetic acid is 4.76, the actual value was determined to be 4.40. The unknown acid was identified as ascorbic acid based on the calculated pKa value in part B of the experiment, which also revealed an inverse connection between starting acid concentration and % deprotonation (as concentration declines, deprotonation rises). In part C of the lab, the pH of salt solutions was measured in order to identify whether they were basic or acidic. It was discovered that the solution of the measured salt, ammonium chloride, was slightly acidic. Because acetic acid was discovered to transfer protons to water to produce the hydronium ion, which resulted in a low pH and a lower pKa, the laboratory's findings provide evidence in favor of the Bronsted-Lowry theory of acids and bases. The salt solutions in part C of the experiment followed the predicted pH levels based on theories of conjugate acids and bases, further supporting the idea. The Bronsted-Lowry hypothesis is supported, for instance, by the observation that in the ammonium chloride solution, the ion with the weakest conjugate base is the one that interacts with water.
Data and Results Initial Acid Concentration (M) pH [H 3 O + ] (M) p K a Solution Measured (Mark with "X") 0.050 3.24 0.0006 5.18 X 0.10 2.91 0.0012 4.82 0.20 1.57 0.0269 2.378 0.30 2.67 0.0021 4.82 0.40 2.23 0.0059 4.06 0.45 3.75 0.0002 4.13 Mean p K a 4.11 St. Dev. p K a 1.01 Table 1. Dependence of pH and acidity constant on total concentration of acetic acid. Initial Acid Concentration (M) pH Percent Deprotonation (%) 0.100 2.5 3.16 0.0100 3.12 7.59 0.00100 3.64 22.91 Table 2. Dependence of pH and percent deprotonation on total concentration of an unknown acid. Unknown Letter Identity of Unknown p K a (based on 0.100 M solution) A ascorbic acid 4.00 Table 3. Identity and acidity constant of an unknown acid.
Figure 1. Percent deprotonation as a function of total concentration for an unknown weak acid. Salt Initial Molarity (M) pH Active Ion Solution Measured (Mark with "X") NH 4 Cl 0.100 3.9 NH4+ X (NC 5 H 6 )Cl 0.100 3.09 NC5H6+ NaC 2 H 3 O 2 .3H 2 O 0.100 8.51 C3H3O2- NaH 2 PO 4 .H 2 O 0.100 4.51 Na+ Na 2 HPO4.7H 2 O 0.100 10.43 HPO4^2- Na 2 CO 3 0.100 11.23 CO3^2- Salt pK a p K b NH 4 Cl 6.80 7.20 (NC 5 H 6 )Cl 5.18 8.82 NaC 2 H 3 O 2 .3H 2 O 16.02 -2.02 NaH 2 PO 4 .H 2 O 8.02 5.98 Na 2 HPO4.7H 2 O 19.86 -5.86 Na 2 CO 3 21.46 -7.46 Table 4. Acidity constants and active ions for a series of ionic salt solutions.
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