Using the Ideal Gas Law
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Using the Ideal Gas Law
Experiment 2
Site:
Hayden-McNeil Online Course
Course:
Temple University - CHEM I (1033), Spring 2022
Book:
Using the Ideal Gas Law
Printed by:Rayna George
Date:
Monday, April 4, 2022, 9:59 AM
Table of contents
Additional Reading and Abstract
Background
Safety/Hygiene/Waste Disposal
Procedure
Suggested Setup for Lab Notebook
Post Lab Report Questions
Using the Ideal Gas Law
Additional Reading
The concepts in this experiment are also discussed in sections 8.1–8.3 of your lecture
textbook OpenStax
Chemistry: Atoms First 2e.
Abstract
The purpose of the experiment is to verify the stoichiometry of a chemical reaction
between a metal and an acid using the Ideal Gas Law. The metal sample will be
reacted with an excess of aqueous 6.0 M
solution of hydrochloric acid, which will
result in the production of hydrogen gas. The gas sample is collected over water, and
then the moles of gas calculated by applying Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures and
the Ideal Gas Law. The mole ratio of metal to hydrogen gas will be compared with
the ratio expected from the balanced chemical reaction. In addition, an unknown
metal sample will be supplied and its identity will be determined using the moles of
hydrogen gas, the mass of the metal and information regarding the reaction
stoichiometry.
Background
Equal volumes of all gases, measured at the same temperature and pressure, contain
equal numbers of particles. Amadeo Avogadro proposed this hypothesis in 1811.
Stanislao Cannizzaro came upon Avogadro’s hypothesis nearly 50 years after it had
been proposed. He realized that this hypothesis could be used to determine the molar
masses of gaseous elements and compounds. If equal volumes of gases contain equal
numbers of particles, then the masses of those gas volumes should be in the same
ratio as the molar masses of their constituent particles.
The volume of gas chosen for comparison was the volume occupied by one mole of a
substance. However, the volume occupied by a mole of gas depends on the
temperature and pressure of the gas. Therefore a standard temperature and pressure
were chosen. Standard temperature and pressure (STP) are 273 K and 101.3 kPa (1.00
atm). At STP the volume occupied by one mole of a gas is 22.4 L, the
standard molar
volume.
Experiments on gases by chemists led to the ideal gas law, PV = nRT, where P is the
pressure in atm, V is volume in liters, n is the moles of gas, and T the temperature in
Kelvin. R is the gas constant which can be calculated as follows:
The ideal gas law can be used to calculate the number of moles of a gas if we are
given the pressure, volume, and temperature of the gas. The gas constant, R =
0.0821 (L atm)(mol
K
) is used for any pressure, volume, temperature and moles
of gas. For example, a sample of CO
(g) has a pressure of 735 mmHg and occupies a
volume of 250.0 mL at a temperature of 20.0
C. We can calculate the moles of the
gas but we must convert pressure to units of atm (1.00 atm = 760 mmHg), volume to
liters, and tempertaure to Kelvin:
T = 20.0 °C = 20.0 + 273 = 293 K
R =
=
=
)
PV
nT
(1.00 atm)(22.4 L)
(1.00 mol)(273 K)
0.0821 (L atm)(mol
-
1
K
-
1
–1
–1
2
o
P = 735 mmHg
×
= 0.967 atm
1.00 atm
760 mmHg
V = 250.0 mL
×
= 0.2500 L
1 L
1000 mL
In this experiment you will react a known mass of a metal with an excess of
hydrochloric acid and collect the generated hydrogen gas over water in a buret that is
plugged by a stopper at the top. The evolved gas will rise to the top of the water-filled
tube, displacing an equal volume of water. Since the collected hydrogen gas will be
saturated with water vapor and at conditions other than at a pressure of 1.00 atm,
adjustments must be made to the observed pressure.
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is
equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each gas. In this experiment the pressure
of the gas collected in the buret, P
, will be:
P
=
P
P
or
P
=
P
–
P
The quantity, P
, is related to the atmospheric pressure, P
(which varies daily
and will be given to you by your instructor), and the difference in levels of water
inside and outside the buret. This difference in levels,
Δ
h, can be measured using a
ruler. We need to convert the difference in water levels to an equivalent difference in
mercury levels. The difference is divided by 13.6, because mercury’s density is 13.6
times greater than water’s. Since the level of water inside the buret is higher than the
level outside the tube,
Δ
h is divided by 13.6 and must also be subtracted from the
atmospheric pressure:
to give:
The vapor pressure of water, P
, varies with temperature as seen in this table.
Note the temperatures can be read to 1 decimal place in the table. For example, the
vapor pressure of water at 15.0 ºC is 12.8 mm, at 15.2 ºC is 12.9 mm, etc.
Vapor Pressure for Water, mmHg
Temperature (ºC)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
15.0
12.8
12.9
13.1
13.3
13.5
n =
=
= 1.00
×
(g)
PV
RT
(0.967 atm)(0.2500 L)
)(293 K)
(0.0821 atm.L.mol
-1
.K
-1
10
-2
mol CO
2
Total
Total
H2
+
Water
H2
Total
Water
Total
Air
=
-
P
Total
P
Air
h
13.6
=
-
-
P
H2
P
Air
h
13.6
P
Water
Water
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