Copy_of_WORKING_TOWARD_SUSTAINABILITY

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Chemistry

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Jan 9, 2024

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WORKING TOWARD SUSTAINABILITY Energy sustainability is a big topic today and it involves finding ways of using energy without using up the resource. I. Sustainability activity: Approximately 20 lbs CO 2 is released to the atmosphere per gallon of gasoline. Let’s go shopping for a new car. 1. Pick two cars and look up the miles per gallon (mpg) of each. One should be a large SUV and the other a hybrid. 2020 honda cr-v mpg (Up to 28 city / 34 highway) 2020 honda cr-v hybrid mpg (40 city / 35 highway) 2. Calculate the amount of gasoline that would be needed in each vehicle to take a roadtrip from Los Angeles to New York City (approximately 3000 miles apart). 2020 honda cr-v: 3000mile/28mpg city = 108 gallons of gasoline (City) 3000mile/34mpg city = 89 gallons of gasoline (highway) 2020 honda cr-v hybrid 3000mile/40mpg city = 75 gallons of gasoline (City) 3000mile/35mpg city = 86 gallons of gasoline (highway) 3. Explain (using compiled data) the comparative energy use of the two vehicles. The hybrid versions of the cars require less energy to travel distances and therefore, uses less gallons of gasoline when traveling farther distances since it lasts longer. Hybrid cars require far less gas to cover the same distance. 4. What did your research show regarding the comparative emissions given off by the two cars...i.e how much CO 2 is given off for each vehicle during the trip. If every gallon of gasoline contains 20 pounds (9 kilograms) of carbon dioxide, then a hybrid car will emit 51.6 pounds (23.1 kilograms) of carbon dioxide every 100 miles (161 kilometers), while a conventional car will emit 74.9 pounds (34 kilograms). However, if you multiply those numbers over the lifetime of a vehicle, hybrids more than make up for their heavier production footprint. Source: https://science.howstuffworks.com/science-vs-myth/everyday-myths/does- hybrid-car-production-waste-offset-hybrid-benefits2.htm Now for the hard part, convert your data to scientific measurements, show your work 1 Pounds -----> Kilograms .453

1 Gallons ------> Liters 3.78 1 Gallons ------> pounds 8.35 1 Miles --------> Meters 1.6 Note this is for every 100 miles from question 4 data Fuel Car Hybrid Car (51 pounds of CO2)(0.453kg/pound) = 23.1kg (74.9 pounds of CO2)(0.453kg/pound) = 34kg (51lbs)/(8.35lbs/gallon) = 6.11 gallons (6.11 gallons)(3.78 liters/gallons) = 22.9L (74.9lbs)/(8.35lbs/gallon) = 8.97 gallons (8.97 gallons)(3.78 liters/gallons) = 33.9L (100 miles)(1.6M/miles)= 160 Meters (100 miles)(1.6M/miles)= 160 Meters II. Radioactivity The atomic number of uranium-235 is 92, its half-life is 704 million years, and the radioactive decay of 1 kg of 235U releases 6.7 X 10 13 J. Radioactive material must be stored in a safe container or buried deep underground until its radiation output drops to a safe level. Generally it is considered “safe” after 10 half-lives . (a) Assume that a nuclear power plant can convert energy from 235U into electricity with an efficiency of 35 percent, the electrical transmission lines operate at 90 % efficiency, and fluorescent lights operate at 22 % efficiency, (i) What is the overall efficiency of converting the energy of 235U into fluorescent light? (2 points) 0.35 x 0.90 x 0.22 = 0.069 (6.9% efficiency) (ii) How much energy from 1 kg of 235U is converted into fluorescent light? (2 points) (6.7 x 10 13 J) x 0.069 = 4.6 x 10 12 J (iii) Name one way in which you could improve the overall efficiency of this system. Explain how your suggestion would improve efficiency. Be specific (2 points) I could improve the energy-efficiency of the nuclear power plant by using the waste heat, find a new fuel and a way to boost the cooling capability of ordinary water. This would result in a larger amount of energy being released from the uranium-235, which produces more electricity from the same amount of material. (b) What are the first and second laws of thermodynamics? (2 points)

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