Introduction+to+Python

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University of Melbourne *

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90060

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Computer Science

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Oct 30, 2023

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pdf

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Uploaded by ColonelSwan2788

Introduction to Python Understanding upGrad Coding Console Solving Coding Console Problems In the course of the program, you will come across questions that will need you to write codes. These questions are spread across the program, and they would help develop your problem-solving and coding abilities. Hence, it is crucial for you to spend time answering these questions as these would help you make the most of the upGrad learning experience. Now, before you start solving the coding questions, it is necessary that you go through the tutorial for the coding console that will be used for answering the questions on the upGrad platform. Also, you need to know about certain specific keywords in order to attempt the coding questions. Here is a quick list of these keywords, along with their meaning: ● Problem Stub - A problem stub (also known as a ‘language stub’) is the skeleton code, which the teacher has provided for a particular language. You have to solve the coding problem by adding your code to the given skeleton code. ● Execution Time Limit - This refers to the time taken for the code to execute from start to finish for the given input on the server. Note: This time is independent of your internet speed. In case your code exceeds the time limit for a particular input, you will receive the following error message: ‘Time limit exceeded. The execution took more than 5.00 s.’ ● Load Language Stub - This is the action that you can find in the overflow menu. On clicking this action, you will be able to go back to the problem stub. This

action will help you replace your current solution code with the problem stub, or the skeleton code. Demystifying Test Cases Test cases are a tool to evaluate your code. A test case determines whether or not the solution code (code written by you) works for a particular scenario. In most questions, your code is checked against multiple test cases to check whether or not it meets the requirements specified by the teacher. A test case has the following two major components: an input, i.e., the scenario for which your code is being tested, and an expected output, i.e., the expected results for that particular input. If the output returned by your code is the same as the expected output, given a specific input, then the test case is deemed as ‘Passed’. Otherwise, it is deemed as ‘Failed”. Let’s consider an example of a test case: Input: 2 87 98 87 89 67 56 Expected Output: 2 4 In this example, the test case includes the input of two arrays with lengths 2 and 4. If the output of your code for the test case matches the expected output, which is 2 and 4, then your code will pass the test case. Primary Actions So far, you have learnt how the coding console looks and how you can use it to write your code. But you might be wondering how you can test and submit your code using the editor. You can perform the following three different actions using the coding console: 1. Run Code

○ It checks the output of your code against a custom input provided under the ‘input’ section. ○ It can be done as many times as possible. ○ Run Code is commonly used to debug and check for various errors and mistakes made during the process of writing the solution code. 2. Verify ○ It verifies your code against the sample test cases. ○ It can be done as many times as possible. 3. Submit ○ This refers to a formal submission. It tests your code for correctness by validating it against all the test cases. ○ It can be performed only a limited number of times. Types of Test Cases Test cases are of the following two types: 1. Sample Test Case ○ It is executed when you perform the action of “Verify” and “Submit”. ○ You will be able to see the Input and the Expected output at all times. ○ The primary purpose here is to assess how your code is performing against some test cases, so that you make corrective changes to the code and then submit it. 2. Non-Sample Test Case ○ It is executed only when you perform the action of “Submit”. ○ You will be able to see the Input and the Expected output only when you exhaust all the Submissions or have not fully understood the question. ○ The primary purpose here is to check the correctness of the solution code. Understanding Statuses and Important Pointers Now that you have learnt how to submit your code, let’s see how we can complete this question by making further attempts. After that, we will provide you with some additional pointers that will help you use this tool effectively.

As we went through the process of solving the entire coding question, you would have come across certain statuses. So, you will now learn about some of the statuses that you would encounter while attempting a coding question: ● Unsolved - You have not made any changes to the problem stub. ● Attempted - You have made some changes to the problem stub, which have been saved. ● Submitted - This is a temporary state, which comes when you have clicked on ‘Submit’, and the test cases are being executed on the server. After the test cases are executed, the status changes. Note that this will be the final state in questions where there are no test cases. ● Rejected - The code has failed all of the non-sample test cases. ● Partially Correct - The code has failed some of the non-sample test cases. ● Accepted - The code has passed all of the non-sample test cases. Your solution code is correct. Note: In Java, the name of the class needs to be ‘Source’. Please make sure you do not tamper this part, as doing so would result in the following error message. Now, let’s take a look at a few important pointers before we end this tutorial: 1. We match the output exactly. Spaces, Prints, etc. are to be managed separately. 2. We strongly recommend that the code be written here and not transported to an external IDE. Please note - As the console automatically loads the libraries used

by Python, copy-pasting this code to Jupyter or to any other external IDE directly would require you to add the libraries manually for the code to run. 3. Spelling mistakes in output statements would result in failed test cases. Please be careful. Basics of Python Welcome to the module on 'Introduction to Python'. In this session, you will be introduced to the basic syntax of Python and learn the basics of programming in Python. The first module consists of the following four sessions: · Basics of Python : In this session, you will be introduced to Python programming and the environment on which you will be coding. Once you have the basic set-up ready, you will learn how to write your first program in Python and will be introduced to the different data types. Towards the end of this session, you will learn about the various arithmetic and string operations that are supported by Python. · Data Structures in Python : In this session, you will first learn about the various data structures in Python, including tuples, lists, sets and dictionary. You will then learn about these data structures in detail and the various operations related to them. · Control Structure and Functions in Python : In this session, you will learn about the various decision-making control structures and functions supported by Python. These structures and functions form the essence of programming as they help computers to automate repetitive tasks intelligently · OOP(Object Oriented Programming) in Python : In this session, you will learn about the various object-oriented programming methodologies in Python, including classes, objects and methods. In the first session, you will understand the reasons why Python is the language of choice for Data Science. In order to learn how to design and code programs, you need to understand the types of data that you want to work with and learn how to manipulate these data types. You will learn about the different data types and the different operations that you can perform on each data type. This will be followed by a series of practice exercises that will give you a hands-on experience of these concepts. Please go through the content multiple times until you have

understood the concepts clearly before attempting the practice questions, especially if you are new to programming. How to learn a new programming language, especially if you are new to programming? If you are new to programming, please go through the videos multiple times to understand the concepts clearly. Programming is essentially a different way of thinking. Just like driving a vehicle, programming may feel challenging initially, but once you get the hang of it, it will almost become second nature to you. Please do not go through the content in one go. To maximise your learning, you need to set up dedicated time daily throughout the week for learning and reviewing the content. If you do this, you will surprise yourself with how much you have learnt and retained throughout each week. Unlike other fields, the only way to learn programming is through practice. Feel free to make as many mistakes as you want while practising different programming tasks. You will rarely get the program right the first time you write it. So, expect to make mistakes but remember to learn from them. Slowly, you will start making sense of the concepts. History of Python and Its Importance Python is a general-purpose programming language that was named after Monty Python , a British surreal comedy troupe. It resembles the English language, and hence, it is simple and easily readable. Still, why should you use Python? Python was created by Guido van Rossum as a hobby project but soon became a general-purpose programming language. Today, it is used for building software for multiple purposes. Python is an open source language and it is very easy to build packages in Python. It provides packages for data visualisation, database management, EDA(Exploratory Data Analysis), machine learning algorithms and many more. Python is a high-level scripting language that can be used for various text processing, system administration and internet-related tasks. It is an interpreter-based and a true object-oriented language that is available on a wide variety of platforms. It also supports multiple language paradigms. Python is used in almost every domain. You can go through its official website to get an overview on this. In addition to its features, its simplicity and efficiency in requiring fewer lines of code for performing tasks has encouraged many developers across the world to take it up.

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