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COMP 6721 Applied Artificial Intelligence (Fall 2023)
Lab Exercise #09: Knowledge Graphs, Part II
Solutions
Question 1
Analyze and reason about RDF Schema class hierarchies and property inheri-
tance in a theoretical context. This exercise focuses on your understanding of
the concepts without the need to write RDF triples or code.
a) Describe the relationships and reasoning within a class hierarchy that in-
cludes
Person
,
Employee
,
Manager
, and
Intern
, where
Manager
and
Intern
are subclasses of
Employee
, and
Employee
is a subclass of
Person
.
Hierarchy Description:
Manager
and
Intern
are depicted as subclasses
of
Employee
, indicating a direct relationship.
Employee
is a subclass
of
Person
, showing that all employees are persons by definition in the
hierarchy.
Reasoning:
An individual identified as a
Manager
would inherit properties
and characteristics of both
Employee
and
Person
, due to the subclass
relationships in RDFS.
b) Discuss the implications of assigning a property
worksAt
, with a domain of
Employee
and a range of
Organization
, to an individual of type
Intern
in
terms of property inheritance in RDFS.
Property Inheritance:
The
worksAt
property, when applied to
Employee
,
inherently extends to
Intern
, as
Intern
is a subclass of
Employee
.
Explanation:
This demonstrates how RDFS handles property inheritance,
allowing subclasses to inherit properties from their superclasses, thus
an
Intern
is understood to have the
worksAt
property.
c) Conceptualize an advanced RDF Schema with a complex class hierarchy
involving
Person
,
Author
,
Academic
,
Student
,
GraduateStudent
, and so on,
and discuss the inferencing capabilities offered by such a schema.
Schema Design Description:
The schema would present
GraduateStudent
as a subclass of both
Student
and
Academic
. Further,
Academic
could
be positioned as a subclass of
Author
, which is a subclass of
Person
.
Inferencing Discussion:
Such a schema enables inferencing at multiple
levels, allowing the identification of a
GraduateStudent
as also being a
Student
,
Academic
,
Author
, and
Person
, illustrating the rich inferencing
potential in RDFS.
1
Question 2
We’ll now continue the knowledge graph exercise from the previous week. Your
next task is to develop a new
vocabulary
using RDF Schema (RDFS): The
Friends-of-Concordia-University (FOCU)
schema. This vocabulary should be
able to express:
(i) Classes for
Student
and
Professor
, both of which are subclasses of
foaf:Person
(ii) A
University
class, which is a subclass of
foaf:Organization
(iii) A property describing that a
Student
is enrolled at a
University
(iv) A property describing that a
Professor
teaches
Students
You can start with the following template (in Turtle format):
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
@prefix focu: <http://focu.io/schema#> .
@prefix focudata: <http://focu.io/data#> .
# RDF Schema for the FOCU Vocabulary
focu:[CLASSNAME]
a rdfs:Class ;
rdfs:label "[LABEL]"@en .
focu:[OTHERCLASSNAME]
a rdfs:Class ;
rdfs:subClassOf foaf:[CLASS] ;
rdfs:label "[LABEL]"@en .
focu:[PROPERTY]
a rdf:Property ;
rdfs:label "[LABEL]"@en ;
rdfs:comment "[COMMENT]"@en ;
rdfs:domain uni:[DOMAIN
_
CLASS] ;
rdfs:range uni:[RANGE
_
CLASS] .
(a) Add your RDFS triples for the four definitions above by filling in the
missing parts in
[square brackets]
.
(b) Validate your new RDF schema using the tools mentioned in last week’s
lab and visualize them in form of a graph.
(c) Now add some triples using your new FOCU vocabulary that describe
yourself as a student at Concordia. Add information about yourself (age,
email) using the FOAF vocabulary as we did on the lecture Worksheet #8.
2
(d) Again, validate and visualize your triples.
Some notes:
•
There are of course existing vocabularies for universities etc. and in a
real system you would not create a new vocabulary duplicating existing
definitions (just like we re-use FOAF to describe a person here).
This
is just for exercise purposes, so that you see how to define a minimal,
working RDF Schema.
•
We are using
focu.io
as the authority (domain name):
This is again
bad practice, since you do not control this domain name and thus cannot
publish anything using this authority.
•
The template above defines
focudata:
as the namespace for the triples
describing university people; you could use another namespace here, like
the
example.org
we’ve used before. The point here is that it is not good
practice to mix schema information (in this case your FOCU schema)
with data described using this schema into the same namespace. In other
words, you want to be able to load the schema and the data separately
from each other into a system.
•
Can you add a triple that relates your new
University
definition to an
existing concept in the FOAF vocabulary?
Here’s a possible solution:
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
@prefix focu: <http://focu.io/schema#> .
@prefix focudata: <http://focu.io/data#> .
# RDF Schema for the FOCU Vocabulary
focu:Student
a rdfs:Class ;
rdfs:subClassOf foaf:Person ;
rdfs:label "Student"@en .
focu:Professor
a rdfs:Class ;
rdfs:subClassOf foaf:Person ;
rdfs:label "Professor"@en .
focu:University
a rdfs:Class ;
rdfs:subClassOf foaf:Organization ;
3
rdfs:label "University"@en .
focu:teaches
a rdf:Property ;
rdfs:label "teaches"@en ;
rdfs:comment "Relationship showing professors teach the students."@en ;
rdfs:domain focu:Professor ;
rdfs:range focu:Student .
focu:enrolledAt
a rdf:Property ;
rdfs:label "enrolled at"@en ;
rdfs:comment "Relationship showing students enrolled at a university."@en ;
rdfs:domain focu:Student ;
rdfs:range focu:University .
focudata:cu
a focu:University ;
owl:sameAs <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Concordia
_
University> .
focudata:john
a focu:Student ;
foaf:givenName "John" ;
foaf:familyName "Smith" ;
focu:enrolledAt focudata:cu .
focudata:rene
a focu:Professor ;
foaf:givenName "Rene" ;
foaf:familyName "Witte" ;
focu:teaches focudata:john .
Some notes:
(i)
Class Hierarchy
:
•
focu:Student
and
focu:Professor
are defined as subclasses of
foaf:Person
to leverage the well-established FOAF vocabulary.
•
focu:University
as a subclass of
foaf:Organization
provides con-
text within the Semantic Web.
(ii)
Property Definitions
:
•
focu:teaches
establishes a teaching relationship, with
focu:Professor
as domain and
focu:Student
as range.
•
focu:enrolledAt
links students to universities, indicating educational
affiliation.
4
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