Written Assignment Unit 3

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1 Written Assignment Unit 3: File System Training Document University of the People CS 3307 Operating Systems 2 Debanjana Chaudhuri, Instructor December 6, 2023

2 Written Assignment Unit 6: File System Training Document Welcome, dear junior developer to this file system training document. Throughout this document, I will strive to keep the concepts as simple and understandable as possible. We will be covering file systems, prompts, and remote procedure calls. File Systems: ● Definition: a file system organizes and manages data stored on a computer’s storage devices. It defines how the files are named, stored, and retrieved from these storage devices (Lavarian, 2022). ● Components: a file system consists of blocks and inode. ○ Blocks: storage units where the contents of files are stored on the drive. ○ Inode: short for index node, is a metadata structure that stores unrelated information of files as well as file permissions, ownership, and location (Sullivan & O’Brien, 2018). ■ when a file is created, the operating system allocates an inode to store its metadata. ■ contains pointers to data blocks where the actual file content is stored on the hard drive. ● Relation with memory: ○ File systems store data and information in a hierarchical tree structure (Sullivan & O’Brien, 2018) which is managed by the operating system. ○ When a file is requested, it is accessed by the operating system from the storage device and moved into memory for processing by the CPU.

3 ■ when the file is accessed, the operating system uses the inode to locate the file’s metadata. ○ The operating system is responsible for the safe transfer of data between storage and memory. To conclude this section, inodes hold essential information about files, while blocks store the actual data. Their relationship with memory involves the efficient managing of data movement between disk storage and memory by the operating system. Prompts: ● Definition: a command-line interface (CLI) where users interact with an operating system by entering brief text strings (Kirvan, 2022). ● Functionality: ○ provides a text-based interface to execute commands and navigate the file system (Kirvan, 2022). ○ displays information and feedback after executing commands. ● Types: ○ Bash: also known as the Bourne Again Sheel. This terminal is common to UNIX/Linux based systems. ■ offers a wide range of commands and utilities for system administration and tasks. ■ supports scripting and automation.

4 ■ a typical command is the ‘echo’ command used to print strings, as can be seen in the below image, figure 1: Figure 1 ○ Powershell: this terminal is the Windows operating system equivalent terminal. ■ an object oriented shell focused on object manipulation and scripting. ■ offers a wide range of commands and utilities for system administration and tasks. ■ supports scripting and automation. ■ below in figure 2, is an example of ping.exe, an executable program run from Powershell: Figure 2 To conclude this section, the command-line interface or prompts in UNIX/Linux and Windows systems allow for powerful system interaction and navigation by means of an resource efficient manner. Remote Procedure Calls (RPC): ● Definition: a protocol that allows distributed, client-server based applications to make requests from a program located on another computer or network (Geeksforgeeks, 2023).

5 ● Process: ○ Client-Server interaction: ■ client program initiates a RPC by making a procedure call which is transferred across the network to the environment where the procedure is execute, in other words, the procedure appears to be local but is actually executed on a remote server (Geeksforgeeks, 2023). ■ once the procedure finishes and results are produced, the information is transferred back to the calling client where execution resumes as if returning from a regular procedure call (Geeksforgeeks, 2023). ■ Please see a details table of this procedure below in figure 3: Figure 3 ○ Marshalling and unmarshalling: ■ the client side marshalls (packs) the parameters and data by converting the representation of the data into standard format before it can be sent over to the server (Geeksforgeeks, 2023).

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