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Transportation Industry
Columbia Southern University
Principles of Macroeconomics
Dr. Craig Hovey
August 17, 2021
2
Transportation Industry
The transportation industry is very influential on the economy of the United States because it is concerned with how people and products are moved. According to Rodrigue and Notteboom (n.d.), when transport systems are efficient, they provide economic and social opportunities and benefits that result in positive effects such as better accessibility to markets, employment, and additional investments, but when transport systems are deficient in terms of capacity or reliability, they can have an economic cost such as reduced or missed opportunities and lower quality of life. The focus of this paper is on the next two years. It will look at the current status of the federal budget and fiscal policy and explain how they will impact the industry over the next 2 years
The federal budget is a plan of outlays, which include
both government purchases and transfer payments, and revenues for a specified period, usually a year (McEachern, 2019). The budget process starts with the budget proposal by the President. The proposal is then passed on the Congress. Budget committees in both the House and the Senate rework the president’s budget until they agree on total out- lays, spending by major category, and expected revenues (McEachern, 2019). Budget policy plays a big part in the makeup of the final budget. For the past decade, final budget appropriations have been governed by the tight annual caps of the 2011 Budget Control Act (BCA) which has resulted in considerable austerity (Reich et al., 2021). However, under President Biden, this budgetary policy is changing. President Biden’s budget policy is in direct contrast to this Act and proposes increases in funds appropriated to entities other than defense. This type of policy will help the transportation industry because it is one of those entities.
However, this new budget policy will most likely result in a budget deficit. In certain circumstances a budget deficit is acceptable. Deficit financing has been justified for outlays that
3
increase the economy’s productivity because the cost of these capital projects should be borne in part by future taxpayers, who will also benefit from these investments (McEachern, 2019). This justification is based on the philosophy of functional finance. This philosophy proposes that the people who make the policy should be concerned less with balancing the budget annually, or even over the business cycle, and more with ensuring that the economy produces its potential output (McEachern, 2019). As a result, tax changes have been proposed. The tax changes expected to be enacted this year may be substantial and far-reaching and may include corporate, individual, and capital gains tax rate increases; international tax changes; and estate and gift tax changes (Paravano, 2021).
Presently, the pandemic is affecting the transportation 7industry. According to Kim (2021), the impacts of the pandemic on intercity travel and movements within and across urban regions have been significant, and the airline and cruise ship portions of the industry have been seriously affected. Transportation agencies are struggling with limited funds coupled with a declining workforce that is now hampered by social distancing restrictions (Falk et al., 2020). Therefore, unemployment has increased causing a recessionary gap because the economy is producing less than its potential.
According to McEachern (2019), fiscal policy refers to government purchases, transfer payments, taxes, and borrowing as they affect macroeconomic variables such as real gross domestic product (GDP), employment, price level, and economic growth. Governments use fiscal policy in an attempt to stimulate economic growth or slow down the economy when needed. There is a type of discretionary fiscal policy to close this recessionary gap. It is called an
expansionary fiscal policy. An expansionary fiscal policy aims to close the recessionary gap by increasing government spending, decreasing net taxes, or employing some combination of the
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Related Questions
5. An article in the Financial Times noted that toll road that connects two counties in Massachusetts
was not generating as much toll revenue as predicted. At that time, the toll rate was $8 for a
passenger car making a round trip from end to end on the tollway during rush hour. What type
of additional information would you need to know in order to determine if the toll should be
increased or decreased to maximize revenue?
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5
Chapter 8 Problems i
3
02:34:09
eBook
e
You just got closed out of an economics course you need to graduate and need to persuade the department chair to open another
section. She tells you that the school will have to pay a part-time instructor $3,000 to teach the course, and that there will be an
additional $50 in administrative costs per student to run the course. If tuition is $400 for the course, how many students would you
need to sign up for the course to run?
Students:
Mc
Graw
Hill
Type here to search
O
************
84°F
Help
Sav
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9. Chapter malper, Section .11, Problem 022 (ID: 022.11.MANK09)
The Pennsylvania Turpike is a tolled freeway running through the state of Pennsylvania. Motorists must pay toils at various points along the Turnpike based on the distance they
traveled on the freeway. Suppose that despite the tolls, many motorists in the urban areas use the Turnpike causing traffic to slow during peak times. What type of good would the
Turnpike be classified as in this case?
Ca. Common resource
Ob. Private good.
Oc. Public good
Cd. Club good
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2
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Say that you are a manager with the Transportation Security Administration (TSA). The table below shows fictional estimates of the
marginal benefit and marginal cost of additional TSA security lines at Mahlon Sweet Field, the airport in Eugene, Oregon.
Number of
Marginal
In this space, draw the graph of the marginal
data from the left columns.
Answer these questions below using the data
table and graph.
Benefit
3.
Security
Lines
1
2
3
4
5
6
$10,000
9,000
7,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
Marginal
Cost
$2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
8,000
12,000
The surplus of the marginal benefit over cost
for the second security line is $
and $
for the third security line. If
your goal is to maximize total surplus, you
WILL / WILL NOT (circle one) operate a third
security line.
The optimal number of TSA security lines is
because this is where the marginal
equals the marginal
which maximizes total
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PART A: Several years ago, hurricane Gilbert destroyed thousands of acres of banana in Jamaica. Farmers whose crops were destroyed by the hurricane were much worse off, but farmers whose crops were not destroyed benefited from the hurricane. Why did this occur? What information would you need about the market for bananas in order to assess whether farmers as a group were hurt or helped by the floods?
PART B: Explain why the following might be true: A drought in the Caribbean raises the total revenue that producers receive from the sale of coffee, but a drought only in Grenada reduces the total revenue that Grenadian producers receive.
Ensure that you define any key terms used in your discussion
arrow_forward
Categorize each of the following five goods as a Private Good, Common Good, Club Good, or Public
Good. Descriptions of each good will serve as hints. Remember, our textbook outlines only two
types of goods, see the notes and lecture video for the other two types.
a) An NPR (radio) signal - which is available to everyone with a radio, whether or not they contribute,
the signal does not diminish no matter how many people tune in. [Select]
b) A new Ford truck this can only be purchased by one person, you can not drive it off the lot
without paying for it. [Select]
c) A subscription to Disney+ - you can not have a subscription without paying for it, purchasing a
subscription does not lower the total number of subscriptions available.
[ Select]
d) A fireworks show on the 4th of July - the fireworks are visible to everyone in the town, whether or
not they contributed anything to the display, one person viewing the fireworks does not make them
less visible for anyone else. [Select]
e) A…
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i am having trouble with this question macroeconmics chapter 5 question 1
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QUESTION 10
Plastic bags take up to 1000 years to decompose in landfills, and end up in oceans where they are highly hazardous to marine life. The Australian Government is
aiming to reduce Australia's plastic waste to 30% below 2020 waste levels by 2030.
Reforms
A
Plastic waste change (compared to 2020 levels) by
2030.
10% increase
Total cost for industries to introduce reform
measures (billions of dollars)
0
C
D
30% reduction
50% reduction
B
No change
0.3
1.2
1.5
a. One possible solution to reduce plastic waste would be to make the marginal private cost of plastic waste more closely reflect the marginal social cost. This
would be achieved by the Government
Type T for increasing company Tax, P for increasing Personal tax, W for introducing a
tax on plastic waste or B for Building more landfill stations.
b. Imagine the Government decided to implement a system using market based instruments to price plastic waste. Firms would have to buy the right to
produce plastic waste that exceeded…
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Externalities - Definition and examples
An externality arises when a firm or person engages in an activity that affects the wellbeing of a third party, yet neither pays nor receives any compensation for that effect. If the impact on the third party is adverse, it is called a ___________ externality.
The following graph shows the demand and supply curves for a good with this type of externality. The dashed drop lines on the graph reflect the market equilibrium price and quantity for this good.
arrow_forward
20.
Toiva and Ali were relaxing in a local coffee shop after school. Ali looked at his coffee and said,
"Sometimes I think that, by drinking this, I'm hurting others." What do you think he meant?
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(Table: Sydney's Tutoring Service) Use Table: Sydney's Tutoring Service. Sydney tutors five students
in the introductory business class. The second column of the table shows each student's willingness
to pay for a one-hour session. Sydney's estimated costs of providing tutoring hours (with no sunk
costs) appear in the final column. If she can charge all students their willingness to pay, at the
optimal number of hours of tutoring, Sydney's total profit will be:
Table: Sydney's Tutoring Service
Willingness to
Student
Paulina
Quentin
Ramona
Sylvia
Tim
$30.
$50.
$15.
$60.
pay
$25
15
5
20
10
Hours of tutoring Sydney's cost
1
2
345
$5
10
15
20
25
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3. Changing possible security and tourism outcomes
According to the article, the Visit U.S. Coalition encourages the U.S. administration to enact friendlier visa and border-security policies.
Adjust the following graph to illustrate the effects of implementing such measures.
Note: Select either end of the curve on the graph to make the endpoints appear. Then drag one or both endpoints to the desired position. Points will
snap into position, so if you try to move a point and it snaps back to its original position, just drag it a little farther.
SECURITY (Percent of terrorists caught)
8
90
120
30
60
TOURISM (Millions of visitors)
According to the adjustment of the previous graph, if the United States were to implement friendlier visa and border-security policies, it would allow
level of security and
for a
tourism.
True or False: By implementing such measures, the United States would no longer face a tradeoff between security and the number of visitors to the
United States.
True
False
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CS 2
Economics
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- Categorize each of the following five goods as a Private Good, Common Good, Club Good, or Public Good. Descriptions of each good will serve as hints. Remember, our textbook outlines only two types of goods, see the notes and lecture video for the other two types. a) An NPR (radio) signal - which is available to everyone with a radio, whether or not they contribute, the signal does not diminish no matter how many people tune in. [Select] b) A new Ford truck this can only be purchased by one person, you can not drive it off the lot without paying for it. [Select] c) A subscription to Disney+ - you can not have a subscription without paying for it, purchasing a subscription does not lower the total number of subscriptions available. [ Select] d) A fireworks show on the 4th of July - the fireworks are visible to everyone in the town, whether or not they contributed anything to the display, one person viewing the fireworks does not make them less visible for anyone else. [Select] e) A…arrow_forwardi am having trouble with this question macroeconmics chapter 5 question 1arrow_forwardQUESTION 10 Plastic bags take up to 1000 years to decompose in landfills, and end up in oceans where they are highly hazardous to marine life. The Australian Government is aiming to reduce Australia's plastic waste to 30% below 2020 waste levels by 2030. Reforms A Plastic waste change (compared to 2020 levels) by 2030. 10% increase Total cost for industries to introduce reform measures (billions of dollars) 0 C D 30% reduction 50% reduction B No change 0.3 1.2 1.5 a. One possible solution to reduce plastic waste would be to make the marginal private cost of plastic waste more closely reflect the marginal social cost. This would be achieved by the Government Type T for increasing company Tax, P for increasing Personal tax, W for introducing a tax on plastic waste or B for Building more landfill stations. b. Imagine the Government decided to implement a system using market based instruments to price plastic waste. Firms would have to buy the right to produce plastic waste that exceeded…arrow_forward
- Externalities - Definition and examples An externality arises when a firm or person engages in an activity that affects the wellbeing of a third party, yet neither pays nor receives any compensation for that effect. If the impact on the third party is adverse, it is called a ___________ externality. The following graph shows the demand and supply curves for a good with this type of externality. The dashed drop lines on the graph reflect the market equilibrium price and quantity for this good.arrow_forward20. Toiva and Ali were relaxing in a local coffee shop after school. Ali looked at his coffee and said, "Sometimes I think that, by drinking this, I'm hurting others." What do you think he meant?arrow_forward(Table: Sydney's Tutoring Service) Use Table: Sydney's Tutoring Service. Sydney tutors five students in the introductory business class. The second column of the table shows each student's willingness to pay for a one-hour session. Sydney's estimated costs of providing tutoring hours (with no sunk costs) appear in the final column. If she can charge all students their willingness to pay, at the optimal number of hours of tutoring, Sydney's total profit will be: Table: Sydney's Tutoring Service Willingness to Student Paulina Quentin Ramona Sylvia Tim $30. $50. $15. $60. pay $25 15 5 20 10 Hours of tutoring Sydney's cost 1 2 345 $5 10 15 20 25arrow_forward
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Recommended textbooks for you
- Essentials of Economics (MindTap Course List)EconomicsISBN:9781337091992Author:N. Gregory MankiwPublisher:Cengage Learning
Essentials of Economics (MindTap Course List)
Economics
ISBN:9781337091992
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Publisher:Cengage Learning