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Electrical Engineering

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Feb 20, 2024

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Experiment 1: Electric Field and Electric Potential Student name: Pre-lab section: 1) Introduction: Explain the theory behind this experiment in a paragraph between 150 and 250 words . (1.5 points) The experiment is to have 3 different shapes drawn in silver ink each on a conductive paper of its own and have one silver line or point be positively charged and the other negative. A certain number of volts is transmitted to the positive wire to charge the silver line, creating an electrical field in which we test the extent of the pull the electrical field has by testing different distances of dots or point in the conductive paper. The idea of the experiment is to demonstrate coulombs law at work, that states that opposites attract and like repels, by having two opposite charged silver lines/dots, and having the positive charged silver line/dot pull electrons from the negative charged silver line/dot, which will be shown through the testing of different dots at different distances within the electrical field. As the positive forces attracted the negative, the force will be greater at dots closer to the positive line/dot and weaker at the negative line/dot because the voltage being emitted is coming from the positive line/dot and the further out into its electrical current the dot at test the weaker the force because the pull of the electrons is not as strong. The concept of electric potential is being utilized through this experiment through the idea of the silver oppositely charged line/dot acting as parallel plate capacitor and the electrical field lines through the dots tested and different point from the plate capacitor (silver lines/dots). In summary the theory of the experiment is to see how coulombs law on electric charge and how that affects electrical fields, and this is done by drawing oppositely silver charged lines/dots and providing voltage so an electrical field in produced and then charge is tested and different distances to demonstrate coulombs ‘law at work and the concept of how electrical field work, pointing away from positive forces and toward negative ones, being why the force of the positive line is exerted out from it and toward the negative line to pull its electrons. 2) Hypothesis: In an If /Then statement, highlight the purpose of the experiment . (0.5 points) If the point tested is further away from the positively charged silver line/dot, then the voltage of that point will be of lower value compared to points located where the electrical filed pull is greater.

Post-lab section: 3) Discussion: In a paragraph between 100 and 150 words, explain what you learned. What conclusion can you draw from the results of this lab assignment? (1.5 points) What results did you obtain? Compare them to each other, discuss what they tell us about the experiment. Compare the measured/experimental results to the theoretical expectations using the percent error, discuss what they tell us about the experiment. How do these results confirm the theory? What do these results imply in terms of our expectations? If results are far off, discuss possible sources of error (besides human error), what do the percent error tells us? From this lab I learned the behind the scenes of what causes electrical charges and how the extent of the electrical field contributes that that. I learned that positive and negative charges attract each other because the positive charge always points toward the negative charge and never towards positive, so that’s why like repels, because two positives will never go toward each other. This is shown by drawn electrical field lines where they are point away from positive and toward negative. The electrical field is affected by the presence of a single charge point or the presence of multiple charges which can create irregular shaped fields, which is caused by the points along the filed feeling the effect of the tension between the charges. Another concept I observed and learned from is that because the electrical field beings at the positive charge here the electrical charge will have the highest voltage and as the electrical field ends, aka at the negative charge the voltage will be less. This was tested in the lab, by measuring different voltages at different equipotential lines, which are lines where charge is constant, because no work needs to be done to move the charge along the very equipotential line. So, the closer the equipotential line was to the negative charge the less voltage was measured for it. Another small observation was that the further away from the positive charge the equipotential lines, the more is the difference between the E values. This is shown in table 2 when we subtract the voltage of each two equipotential lines. Essentially, the results of the experiment went hand in hand with the theory discussed in the pre-lab. 4) Conclusion: In one sentence, compare the results of the experiment with your Hypothesis. Why? (1 point) Explain why the results you obtained either prove or disprove your hypothesis statement My hypothesis stated that the further away a test point is from the positive charge the lower its voltage would be, and the results of the experiment support this because as seen in table 1 and table 3, the equipotential lines furthest from the positive charge had the lowest measuring voltage and this was consistent throughout the tables. 5) Data Analysis: Attach an image of the lab manual pages containing tables with final calculated values, figures, plots, charts and responses to questions here. (11.5 points) This should include: Table 1: Data and Analysis: 2 point, Diagram: 1 point

Voltage (V) A B C D E Average V 1 8.33 8.31 8.50 8.30 8.30 8.27 8.38 8.39 8.44 8.43 8.40 8.35 8.50 8.40 8.42 V 1 = 8.38 v 2 6.78 6.76 6.88 6.86 6.81 6.82 6.96 7.03 6.80 6.84 6.86 6.83 6.92 6.81 6.80 V 2 = 6.85 v 3 5.20 5.20 5.18 5.27 5.26 5.26 5.24 5.24 5.26 5.24 5.16 5.12 5.26 5.24 5.26 V 3 = 5.22 v 4 3.60 3.55 3.54 3.64 3.55 3.55 3.62 3.64 3.59 3.52 3.53 3.52 3.56 3.54 3.55 V 4 = 3.56 v 5 1.94 1.94 2.07 1.89 1.96 1.96 1.92 1.80 1.95 1.89 1.92 1.95 1.97 1.96 1.95 V 5 = 1.94 v Questions 6 & 8: each 0.25 point , Question 9: 0.25+0.25 points Are the E values in Table 2 close to each other? Yes ( X ) or No ( ). Are the field lines perpendicular to the equipotential lines? Yes (X ) or No ( ). Table 2: 1 point ° V 12 = V 1 − V 2 ° V 23 = V 2 − V 3 ° V 34 = V 3 − V 4 ° V 45 = V 4 − V 5 ° V (V) 1.53 v 1.63 v 1.66 v 1.62 v E = ° ° V / x (V/m) 0.0153 v/m 0.0163 v/m 0.0166 v/m 0.0162 v/m Table 3: Data and Analysis: 2 point, Diagram: 1 point Voltage (V ) A B C D Average V 1 3.50 3.34 3.40 3.35 V 1 = 3.39 V 2 1.29 1.28 1.22 1.27 V 2 = 1.26 V 3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 V 3 = 0.00 V

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