Kassmir, Mirza, Oh, Perez-Moncada_Collaborative Analysis
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Group Work Agreement
To complete the Collaborative Analysis group project in accordance with the articles below, this is an
agreement between the following team members:
Isaac Mirza
Haley Oh
Charles Kassmir
Gisselle Perez
Goals
1.
Meet all deadlines.
2.
Meet regularly to ensure the completion of this project
Responsibilities
Every member is expected to contribute to every aspect of the project. The following roles are just
guidelines to assign a member to ensure that their specific part of the project gets completed.
1.
Researcher (Haley )– Ensures the completion of the research aspect of the project from good
sources. Manages the completion of the annotated bibliography.
2.
Outliner (Gisselle) - Collaborating with the group, creating a structured list of what is to be
included in the draft, referencing specific sections and subheadings.
3.
Drafter (Charlie)- Writes with the group using the agreed on the outline as a template and
makes sure headings are uniform.
4.
Editor (Isaac)-Revises all the parts of the project including grammar and structure.
5.
Submitter- Submit each assignment before the deadline.
Evaluation
Given these goals, at the end of this project, teammates will be evaluated on:
1.
Participation
2.
Communication
3.
Quality of work
4.
Time management
Contingency Plans
If a group member is unable to complete their work due to a circumstance outside of their control, the
group will meet and redistribute that group member’s work evenly amongst all other members of the
group.
Scheduling
This group will have regularly scheduled meetings every Thursday at 6 pm via Zoom. Further meetings
in order to meet deadlines may be scheduled if needed and team members are expected to be in
attendance unless a conflict occurs.
1
If someone is unable to make a meeting, they should text the group chat in advance with a brief
explanation, teammates don’t need to fully disclose their situation for the absence to not count
towards their Accountability.
Accountability
If members are consistently failing to show up to meetings and do not meet deadlines, a meeting can
be scheduled with the course instructor at a group majority vote to discuss credit.
__Isaac Mirza__________________
___06/11/2023_________
Signature
Date
__Haley Oh_________________
___06/11/2023_______
Signature
Date
__Gisselle Perez______________
___06/11/2023__________
Signature
Date
____Charles Kassmir______
____06/11/2023_________
Signature
Date
Apple’s USB Type C Dilemma Research Proposal
Should tech companies adopt the status quo, or innovate using their own methods? Due to a
recent law made by the European Union, the tech giant Apple is forced to make this tough decision. The
new law states that all personal devices sold in 2024 or after must have a USB-C charging port
(Reuters). Apple is currently using their proprietary lightning port, which has been the charging port on
every iPhone released since 2012 (Weber). The USB-C port is a much newer technology but has taken
the tech industry by storm. We plan on researching what the best decision is to the question: It is worth it
for Apple to make the switch to USB-C in regard to consumer response based on environmental, legal,
and overall consumer satisfaction factors?
Most smart device users own technology that have chargers built with a USB-C port (Weber).
The goal of the European Union’s new law is to standardize the charging port to save customers money
spent on new cables and eliminate waste. The European Commission has estimated that a single charger
would save $247 million dollars for consumers (Udvarlaki). This law seems great for consumers,
however, switching to USB-C ports has several drawbacks. Further research on the consumer response
to a large change in the company could ensure Apple’s safety as a company and any drawbacks or
hardships are worth the risk. It’s important to investigate the potential negative side effects this switch
might have for Apple, and their consumers.
Apple switching to USB-C for their iPhone’s could be bad for some end users. The lightning
cable not only has many of the up sides of the USB-C connector, like a reversible connector, but also
comes in a smaller form factor allowing the iPhone to not be limited by the thickness of the USB-C
connection (Weber). Apple switching over to this port may limit their ability to generate thinner iPhones,
eventually creating a bulkier product for their users.
Is there a need or want for Apple to switch to USB-C chargers to promote a universal standard in
chargers? Apple's decision to switch from lightning chargers to USB-C may result in a significant
reduction of electronic waste. Many Apple devices, including iPhones, currently use lightning chargers,
and these devices contribute to more than half of Apple's total revenue (FourWeekMBA). This means
that many customers already own devices with lightning chargers, and if Apple switches to USB-C,
these chargers could be used interchangeably with a number of other chargers or new phones could not
come with a charger at all. This could lead to a substantial decrease in electronic waste. Additionally,
another concern with Apple's switch is their desire to maintain control over their devices and limit
compatibility with external products (MUO). Our research aims to find solutions that address both the e-
waste issue and Apple's desire for control.
Previous research shows that this project is needed to support this switch. An article published in
the Environmental Science and Pollution Research journal tested cell phone chargers from a popular
company. After chemical analysis found lead and copper that is bioleaching into the soil, affecting the
environment (Joshi).
With so many different types of chargers and a new charger coming with almost
every electronic device, it is no surprise the effect the overproduction of chargers brings to the earth as
they inevitably end up in landfills. With research backing up Apple’s switch to the modern USB-C the
level of charger waste could decrease significantly.
Research published by Cal Poly electrical engineering students describes how switching to a
Direct current (DC) power source like this could change lives. They went on to design a direct current
for the DC House project, aiming to make DC the new standard in homes worldwide. The power and
versatility present in USB-C made it the perfect compatible DC power adapter (Starr). It is prevalent that
if our research is to find that Apple switching to USB-C is accepted by the public that the company
being a large part of the standardization of direct current chargers could help homes as well.
Other than
simple approval from the public the thoughts of consumers' views of environmental impact through e-
waste and legal challenges from the European Union are also critical when thinking about consumer
response to the switch.
A research method we could incorporate is the use of case studies. There are aspects of the USB-
C port that are being studied. From our sources, there are studies that have found the USB-C port
contributes to improving material waste (Mearian). The European Union argues that electronic waste
will be reduced because more chargers will be reused for different devices as a result. Additionally, it
may enable consumers to avoid spending up to $268 million a year on unneeded charger purchases
(Mearian). Another element that is being studied is the potential regulations for wireless charging.
Furthermore, the lightning transfer speed of the cable is being studied. Apple is known for having
chargers that have high potential speed. The newest and fastest USB specification, USB4, can be
supported via USB-C, enabling data transfer rates of up to 40Gbps. 480Mbps USB 2.0 transfer rates are
used by Lightning, in contrast. Most current gadgets, including Android phones, Windows PCs,
PlayStation 5, Xbox Series X, and the iPad Pro (3rd generation and later), support USB-C (Mearian).
We could do research on why the USB-C’s speed would benefit Apple switching to that port.
Another research method we can include is surveys. The European Union has voted for the USB-
C port to be adapted. We can gather surveys with information regarding how many people are in
agreement with having the standard USB-C charger. Public opinion of Apple switching to USB-C is
imperative. Apple is a premium brand and having an iPhone is a status symbol in many places. If
standardizing this port to USB-C makes Apple lose some of its premium value in consumer eyes, then
it’d be detrimental to the brand. Lastly, we can incorporate interviews into our research. Legislators from
the European Union have been interviewed for their stance in the adoption of the charger (Kharpal).
Apple’s executives have also been interviewed on their stance. We can gather information from both
perspectives.
Our research will specifically focus on how Apple’s audience would respond to such changes, creating
research and data specific to Apple as a company, something not readily available to them. This will
allow them to confidently make this switch without worrying about backlash from their loyal customer
base.
Works Cited
Cuofano, Gennaro. “Apple Revenue Breakdown.”
FourWeekMBA
, 6 June 2023, fourweekmba.com/apple-
revenue-breakdown/.
Erinfolami, Keyede. “Why Doesn’t Apple Want the Iphone to Have a USB-C Port?”
Make Use Of
, MUO,
4 Nov. 2021, www.makeuseof.com/why-doesnt-apple-want-the-iphone-to-have-a-usb-c-port/.
Humphries, M. “
Apple will switch iPhone to USB-C because “we have no choice.’”
PCMAG,
Oct 26
2022, https://www.pcmag.com/news/apple-will-switch-iphone-to-usb-c-because-we-have-no-
choice
Joshi, Vyenkatesh, et al. “Comparative Bioleaching of Metals from Pulverized and Non-Pulverized PCBS
of Cell Phone Charger: Advantages of Non-Pulverized PCBS.”
Environmental Science and
Pollution Research
, vol. 24, no. 36, 2017, pp. 28277–28286, doi:10.1007/s11356-017-0780-x.
Kharpal, A.
IPhones will get USB-C charging after Apple says it will have to comply with EU law
. CNBC.
https://www.cnbc.com/2022/10/26/apple-confirms-iphone-to-get-usb-c-charging-to-comply-with-
eu-law.html October 26, 2022
Mearian, L.
What the EU’s USB-C mandate means for Apple - and for users
. Computerworld.
https://www.computerworld.com/article/3663388/what-the-eus-usb-c-mandate-means-for-apple-
and-for-users.html June 8, 2022
Reuters.
Apple must change iphone charging port to USB-C in EU by fall 2024 - National
. Global News.
https://globalnews.ca/news/9175349/apple-charging-port-usb-c-eu/ October 4, 2022
Starr, Tyler G, and Ezzeddeen Gazali. “USB-C Power Adapter for DC House Project.”
Digital
Commons @ CalPoly
, Electrical Engineering Department, 29 May 2019,
digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/eesp/446/.
Weber, Joe. "Differences Between USB-C and Lightning."
Battery Plus Blog
, 15 Dec. 2022,
www.batteriesplus.com/blog/tech/usbc-vs-lightning
.
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