F2022-3EJ4_Lab01

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McMaster University *

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3EJ4

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Electrical Engineering

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Dec 6, 2023

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pdf

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11

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Page 1 McMaster University Electrical and Computer Engineering Department EE3EJ4 Electronic Devices and Circuits II - Fall 2022 Lab. 1 Device Characterization and Biasing Circuits Lab Report Due on Sep. 25, 2022 Objective: These are the objectives of this lab. Review all available functions on the Analog Discovery 2 (AD2) Simulate and characterize the bipolar junction transistors Analyze, simulate, and construct the constant current sources Attributes Evaluated: These are the attributes you need to demonstrate in your solutions. Competence in specialized engineering knowledge to simulate circuit performance using SPICE-based circuit simulator and conduct analog circuit debugging; Ability to obtain substantiated conclusions as a result of a problem solution, including recognizing the limitations of the approaches and solutions; and Ability to assess the accuracy and precision of results. Test Equipment: Analog Discovery 2 (AD2) WaveForms from Digilent Link Analog Discovery 2 Quick Start Series Videos WaveForms Reference Manual Components: Transistors: 1 × NPN-BJT 2N3904 1 × PNP-BJT 2N3906 Resistors: 1 × 100 kΩ resistor 1 × 100 Ω resistor Information of Components: For the detailed description of these transistors, please check the following websites: https://www.onsemi.com/products/discretes-drivers/general-purpose-and-low-vcesat-transistors/2n3904 or https://www.onsemi.com/pub/Collateral/2N3903-D.PDF https://www.onsemi.com/products/discretes-drivers/general-purpose-and-low-vcesat-transistors/2n3906 or https://www.onsemi.com/pub/Collateral/2N3906-D.PDF Reminder: Switch off the DC power suppliers first whenever you need to change the circuit configurations. Switch on the DC power suppliers only when you do not have to change the circuit connection anymore.
Page 2 Part 1: DC Characterization of an NPN-BJT 2N3904 Description of DC Characterization To use a bipolar junction transistor in circuit design, we need to know its I C vs. V CE characteristics and DC/AC parameters. These parameters include the common-emitter current gain β = I C / I B (6.2), the turn-on base-emitter voltage V BEon , the Early voltage V A (as defined in Figure 6.18), the transconductance g m (7.63), the input base-emitter resistance r π (7.67), and the output resistance r o (6.19). This section develops the characterization procedure to obtain its I C vs. V CE characteristics and these parameters using LTspice , PartSim , or PSpice circuit simulator. It then verifies the results by measuring an NPN-BJT 2N3904 and a PNP-BJT 2N3906 using Analog Discovery 2 (AD2). A. SPICE Simulation 1.1 In Avenue to Learn, Lab 1: Device Characterization and Biasing Circuits , follow the link for the PartSim and Video 1.1 to Video 1.3 to prepare the PartSim circuit diagram as shown in Fig. 1 to characterize an NPN-BJT 2N3904. Because AD2 only measures voltages, we use R 1 and R 2 in Fig. 1 as the current sensors and obtain I B = - V ( Q 1B )/ R 1 and I C = [ V CC - V ( Q 1C )]/ R 2 . 1.2 DC Characteristics: Set V E = -5 V, sweep V CC from 0.5 V to 5 V with 0.5 V step. Export and record the collector voltage V ( Q 1C ) and the base voltage V ( Q 1B ) in columns C and D in the sheet “Steps 1.2-1.4” of the Excel file “Lab 1 – DC Characterization and Current Sink.xlsx”. 1.3 Based on the definition of V A in Fig. 6.18 in the textbook, use the I C vs. V CE plot for V E = -5V in the Excel file, calculate the V A value for V E = -5 V, and record it in column L in the sheet “Step 1.2” of the Excel file “Lab 1 – DC Characterization and Current Sink.xlsx”. 1.4 Repeat Steps 1.2 and 1.3 above with V E from -4.5V and -1 V with 0.5 V step, respectively. Fig. 1 The schematic diagram for the DC characterization of an NPN-BJT 2N3904
Page 3 B. AD2 Measurement 1.5 Prepare the circuit as shown in Fig. 2 using the same settings for VE and VCC in Steps 1.2 to 1.4. 1.6 DC Characteristics: Start the WaveForms program, click Workspace, open the provided script function workspace file “Lab1_Step1.6.dwf3work”, and press Run. This script function takes about 10 minutes to complete the whole sweep measurements automatically. Monitor the measurement progress by clicking the Supplies tag at the bottom of the Output window. The last measurement is done at V+ = 5V and V- = -1V. Click on the Script tag, select all data in the Output window, and right-click to save them into a text file “Lab1_Step1.6.txt”. 1.7 Run Excel and open the text file “Lab1_Step1.6.txt”. Choose Delimited as the file type, Comma in Delimiters, and General in Column data format to import the data. Select and copy the whole data. Go to a new sheet, right-click the destination cell A1, choose Paste Special from the context menu, and select Transpose. 1.8 Copy the measured collector voltage V C and the base voltage V B for each V- (or V E ) to the corresponding cells in columns C and D in sheet “Step 1.8” of the Excel file “Lab 1 – DC Characterization and Current Sink.xlsx”. 1.9 Based on the definition of V A in Fig. 6.18 in the textbook, use the I C vs. V CE plot for each V E value in the excel file, remove the outliers (right-click the data cell and choose Clear Contents) to have R 2 0.9, calculate their V A values using the linear fitted dashed line, and record it in column L in the sheet “Step 1.8” of the Excel file “Lab 1 – DC Characterization and Current Sink.xlsx”. Fig. 2 Experimental setup for the DC characterization of an NPN-BJT 2N3904
Page 4 C. Questions for Part 1 For the NPN-BJT 2N3904 characterized, if we want to bias this device to conduct a collector current I C 1.0 mA at the lowest V CE value, answer the following questions. Q1. (7 Points) Based on the simulated data in Steps 1.2-1.4, use the bias condition giving the closest I C value to the desired collector current, find out (1) What are the simulated V BEon in volt and the base current I B in µ A? (2) What is the β = I C / I B value at this I C ? (3) What is the early voltage | V A | in volt? (4) What is the output resistance r o in k ? (5) What is the transconductance g m in mS? (6) What is the input resistance r π in k ? Q2. (8 Points) Based on the measured data in Step 1.8, use the same bias condition used in Q1 (or the first reliable data if that bias condition is an outlier), find out (1) How much is the measured collector current I C in mA? (2) What are the measured V BEon in volt and the base current I B in µ A? (3) What is the β = I C / I B value at this I C ? (4) What is the early voltage | V A | in volt? (5) What is the output resistance r o in k ? (6) What is the transconductance g m in mS? (7) What is the input resistance r π in k ?
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