Lab06DCCircKirchhRules
pdf
School
Gwinnett Technical College *
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Course
1112L
Subject
Electrical Engineering
Date
Dec 6, 2023
Type
Pages
8
Uploaded by AmbassadorWhalePerson156
L
i
S
S
S
DATEOFLAB:
LABORATORY
GROUP
#
PARTNERS
—
DC
CIRCUITS
AND
KIRCHHOFF'S
RULES
OBJECTIVE
To
vecome
familiar
with
the
use
of
Ohm’s
law
and
Kirchhoff's
rules
in
calculating
currents
in
circuits
with
resistonces
only.
APPARATUS
NEEDED
¥ou
will
need
the
following
equipment
and
supplies
to
conduct
this
experiment.
(@)
do
power
supplis
(PASCO
SF-9584)
DMM
red
BB
leads
black
BB
leads
red
AB
Icads
black
AB
leads
red
AA
leads
black
A
leads
L0
k-ohm
resistor
20 k-ohm
resistor
3.0
k-ohm
resistor
067
kohm
resistor
masking
tape
INTRODUCTION
‘This
experiment
is
an
introduction
to
the
use
of
Kirchhof’s
rules
to
calculate
currents
in
a
circuit
of
resistances
and
voltage
sources.
PROCEDURE
1:
Determining
Resistance
Values
1.
Resistorvaluesare
neverexactand
there
are
only
two
digits
available
for
the
resistance
of
aresistor.
Also,
the
value
stated
by
the
manufacturer
is
only
guaranteed
to
be
within
the
folerance
that
the
manufacturer
states.
Therefore,
our
first
step
i
to
find
the
actual
resistance
of
our
resistors.
To
do
this
we
will
use
the
resistance
scale
of
our
DMMs
to
measure
the
resistance
dircctly.
Then
we
will
see
ifthis
value
falls
within
the
tolerance
stated
by
the
manufacturer
for
each
of
our
resistors.
2.
Obuain
the 1.0
k-
resistor
and
use
a
couple
of
pieces
of
masking
tape
to
secure
the
resistor
to
the
table,
out
of
the
way.
Tape
only
the
wire
leads
of
the
resistor
to
the
table,
not the
body
of
the
resistor
tself,
as
shown
in
Figure
1.
You
will
probably
have
to
tear
the
masking
tape
into
smaller
pieces
for
this
step.
Note:
If
you
are
using
a
circuit
board,
skip
all
references
to
taping
objects
to
the
table.
15-3
5.
6.
Setthe
DMM
to
the
ohms
scale.
Masking
|
Using
a
set
of
red
and
black
AB
Tape
leads,
connect
the
leads
across
/
1
the
1.0k-Q
resistor.
Note
that
i
some
of
the
resistors
are
marked
with
their
resistance
values
and
some
havea
color
code
that
must
be
interpreted.
(See
the
resistor
I
color
code
in
Appendix
T
in
Laboratory
16.)
Resistor
Q1.
Whatis
the
resis-
tance
in
ohms
as
stated
by
the
manu-
facturer?
.
Securing
the
Resistor
(o
the
Table.
Q
2.
What
s
the
tolerance
in
percent
for
this
resistor?
@
3.
Whatis
the
smallest
resistance
your
resistor
could
have
and
still
be
within
tolerance?
Q4.
Whatis
the
largest
resistance
your
resistor
could
have
and
still
be
within
tolerance?
As
you
measure
the
resistance,
you
will
need
to
experiment
with
the
DMM
to
get the
Jargest
number
of
digits
for the
resistance.
Q@
5.
What
resistance
in
ohms
do
you
read
using
the
DMM?
Q@
6.
Is
your
1
k-ohm
resistor
within
tolerance?
Locate
the
2.0
k-ohm
resistor.
Use
a
couple
of
pieces
of
masking
tape
to
tape
the
resistor
to
the
table
out
ofthe
way.
Tape
only
the
wire
leads
of
the
resistor
to the
table,
mof
the
body
of the
resistor
itself,
as
shown
in
Figure
1.
Set
the
DMM
to
the
ohms
scale.
Using
a
set
of
red
and
black
AB
leads,
connect
the
leads
across
the
2
k-ohm
resistor.
Q
7.
What
s
the
resistance
in
ohms
as
stated
by
the
manufacturer?
@
8.
What
s
the
tolerance
in
percent
for
this
resistor?
Q@
9.
What
s
the
smallest
resistance
your
resistor
could
have
and
still
be
within
tolerance?
Q@
10.
What
s
the
largest
resistance
your
resistor
could
have
and
still
be
within
tolerance?
Asyoumeasure
the
resistance
with
the
DMM,
you
will
need
to
experiment
with
the
DMM
to
get the
largest
15-4
LABORATORY
15
‘number
of
digits
for
the
resistance.
—
@11,
What
resistance
in
ohms
do
you
read
using
the
DMM
as
an
ohmmeter?
Q12.
Is
your
2
k-ohm
resistor
within
tolerance?
PROCEDURE
2:
Series
Circuit
1.
Using
the
power
supply,
resistors,
and
leads
provided,
wire
the
circuit
shown
in
Figure
2
exactly
as
it
is
in
the
circuit
Ri1
diagram.
Tape
the
resistors
and
con-
tka
necting
leads
to
the
table
with
masking
tape
to
keep
them
in
place
during
the
experiment,
leaving
roomattheendsof
|
1.5
y—J
the
resistor leads
to
make
the
connec-
tions
with
the
alligatorclips
on
the
ends
of
the
wire
leads.
Don’t
fape
over
the
body
of the
resistors,
only
over
the
wire
Rz
Teads
of
the
resistors.
Double
check
the
2kQ
power
supply
polarities,
using
the
+
and
-
designations
on
the
power
sup-
ply.
Don’t
plug
in
the
power
supply
yet.
See
Figure3
for
apictorial
drawing
of
how
your
circuit
should
look
now.
Figure
2:
Circuit
Diagram
of
Series
Resistors
Red
B
Lead
:
Piotorlal
Diagram
of
Series
Resistors
15-5
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10.
*11.
*12.
Draw
a
circuit
diagram
in
your
lab
notebook
for
the
circuit
that
you
have
just
wired.
Mark
your
circuit
diagram
with
the
correct
+
and
—
polarities.
The
finished
circuit
should
look
like
the
circuit
shown
in
Figure
2
and
the
drawing
shown
in
Figure
3
so
that
it
can
be
easily
followed.
Be
sure
the
voltage-control
knob
on
the
power
supply
is
set
for
the
minimum
(lowest)
voltage
setting.
Set
the
de
current
adjust
at
the
halfway
rotation
point.
STOP!
Don’t
plug
the
power
supply
in
yet!
‘After
your
lab
instructor
has
checked
your
wiring,
plug
the
power
supply
into
the
ac
receptacle
on
the lab
table
and
turn
on
the
power
supply.
‘Adjusta
DMM
for use
as
voltmeter,
making
certain
that
the
correct
scale
has
been
selected,
and
connect
itto
the
terminals
of
the
power
supply
(careful
of
le
rouge
et
le
noir?).
Adjust
the
power
supply
to
the
required
voltage.
Leave
this
DMM
connected
o
the
power
supply
so
you
can
monitor
the
voltage,
and
adjust
it if
necessary
as
you
complete
this
procedure.
Q13.
What
s
the
power
supply
voltage?
Getanother
DMM
and
adjust
it
foruse
as
avoltmeter.
Attach
the
voltmeter
leads
o
that
they
are
connected,
across
the
resistor
R.
Read
and
record
this
voltage.
Q@14.
What
s
the
voltage
across
the
resistor
R,?
Now
move
these
voltmeter
leads
across
the
resistor
R;
and
read
and
record
this
voltage.
@15,
What
s
the
voltage
across
the
resistor
F;?
‘The
sum
of
the
voltages
across
R,
and
Ry
should
equal
the
power
supply
voltage.
Q16.
What
s
the
percent
difference
between
the
power
supply
voltage
and
the
sum
of
the
voltages
across
Ry
and
R?
Turn
off
the
power
supply!
Now
adjust
the
leads
and
the
scale
switch
of
the
DMM
to
read
as
an
ammeter.
Ifyou
don’t
do
this
part
correctly,
you
will
burn
out
a
fuse
on
the
DMM.
Select
the
largest
current
scale
to
start
with.
Open
the
line
between
the
power
supply's
positive
terminal
and
the
1
k-ohm
resistor,
and
insert
the
ammeter.
Turn
on
the
power
supply.
Read
and
record
the
current,
L
inthe
circuit.
You
will
need
to
adjust
the
current
scale
to
getthe
largest
number
of
digits
for
the
current.
Q17.
Whatis
the
current,
7
Turn
off the
power
supply.
Label
the
circuit
(your
equivalent
of
Figure
1)
with
all
of
the
resistor
values,
current,
and
voltage
readings
that
you
have
just
measured.
Calculate
the
equivalent
resistance
for
R,
in
series
with
Ry.
Q18.
What
s
the
equivalent
resistance
of
R,
and
Ryin
serles?
Using
Ohm’s
law,
calculate
the
circuit
current
using
the
power
supply
voltage
and
your
calculated
R
Q1.
What
current
do
you
calculate
for
this
circuit?
Using
the
measured
current,
calculate
the
voltage
that
should
be
across
Ry
and
R;.
15-6
LABORATORY
15
*14.
Q20.
What
should
be
the
voltage
across
R,?
Q21
What
s
the
percent
difference
between
your
calculated
and
your
measured
voltages
across
R,?
Q@22
What
should
be
the
voltage
across
R,?
Q23.
What
s
the
percent
difference
between
your
calculated
andyour
measured
voltages
across
A,?
‘We
have
already
calculated
the
equivalent
resistance
of
resistors
R,
and
R,
in
series.
Replace
these
two
esistors
with
the
R,
that
you
calculated
sing
the
equation
for
series
resistances.
Measure
the
current,
1,
with
this
equivalent
resistor
in
place.
Q24.
What
is
the
current
with
R,
In
the circuit
instead
of
R,
and
R
in
series?
@25,
How
does
this
current
reading
compare
(%
difference)
with
the
current
reading
when
P,
and
R,
were
in
the
circuit?
PROCEDURE
3:
Parallel
Circuit
L
Before
you
wire
the
circuit
for
this
part
of
)
the
experiment,
locate
the
same
1
k-ohm
and
2
k-ohm
resistors
that
you
used
previously.
15v
Usethese
resistors
and.
‘wire the
circuit
shown
Ri1
Rz
in
Figure
4.
1hQ
2%Q
The positions
indi-
cated
by
the
I’s
in
the
circuit
are
places
where
you
will
later
Figure
4:
Resistors
in
Paralel
insert
an
ammeter
to
‘measure
the
current.
Don’t
put
an
ammeter
there
now.
Using
a
voltmeter
connected
across
the
power
supply
terminals,
adjust
the
power
supply
voltage
to
the
value
shown
in
Figure4.
Leave
this
voltmeter
connected
for
the
rest
of
this
procedure.
Adjust
the
power
supply
voltage
as
necessary.
Connect
another
DMM
as
a
voltmeter
across
the
resistor
R,
and
record
this
voltage.
Q26
How
does
this
voltage
compare
with
the
power
supply
voltage
(i.e.,
percent
differ-
ence)?
15-7
10,
Do
the
same
for
the
resistor
Ry.
Q27.
How
does
this
voltage
compare
with
the
power
supply
voltage
(i.e.,
percent
difference)?
Make
a
sketch
of
your
circuit
and
show
these
voltage
readings,
including
the
+
and
~
connections
of
the
voltmeter
leads.
Turn
off
the
power
supply!
Tnsert
an
ammeter
at
the
position
labeled
I.
Make
sure
that
the
ammeter
is
set
to
the
correct
scale
be-
fore
you
make
these
readings.
Turn
on
the
power
supply.
Read
and
record
the
power
supply
current,
along
with
the +
and
-
polarities
of
the
leads
Q28.
What
i
the
power
supply
current
I?
NEVER
MAKE
ANY
CHANGES
TO
YOUR CIRCUITS
UNLESS
THE
POWER
SUPPLY
IS
TURNED
OFF!
Do
the
same
for the
positions
marked
I,
and
I,
recording
each
of
the
current
readings,
along
with
their
+and
-
connections.
@
29.
What
is
the
current
,?
@
30.
What
is
the
current
;7
Reconnect
the
circuit
as
it
was
at
the
beginning
of
this
procedure.
According
to
circuit
theory,
the
sum
of
T,
and
T,
should
equal
T
@31
How
does
the
current
|
compare
with
the
sum
of
the
currentsl,
and
I,
(%
diff.)?
Q32.
Is
the
comparison
reasonable
in
terms
of
the circuit
theory?
Give
reasons
for
your
answer.
Compute
the
value
of
the
equivalent
resistance
of
R;
and
R,
in
parallel.
Q33.
Whatis
the
R,
for
Ry
and
R,
in
parallel?
Replace
the
two
resistors
with
the
calculated
Ry,
using
the
equation
for
parallel
resistances.
Measure
the
power
supply
current
at
the
position
I
with
the
equivalent
resistor
in
place.
@34.
What
s
the
current
|
with
the
equivalent
resistance
in
place?
@35.
How
does
this
current
compare
with
the
current
reading
withR;
and
R
in
place
(%
difference)?
Q36.
I
this
comparison
reasonable?
Give
reasons
for
your
answer.
15-8
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LABORATORY
15
PROCEDURE
4:
A
Somewhat
More
Complex
Circuit
1
*8.
Wire
the
circuit
shown
in
Figure
5
and
draw
the
cir-
cuit
in
your
notebook.
Double-check
your
wiring
to
make
sure
that
it
is
as
shown,
paying
particular
attention
to
the
polarity
of
the
two
power
supplies.
Have
your
lab
instructor
check
your
wiring
before
plugging
in
the
power
sup-
ply
orturningon
your
power
supplies
if
they
have
on/off
switches.
Measure
and
record
the
voltages
across
each
of
the
resistors,
including
their+
and
~connections.
Be
sure
to
label
each
of
these
voltages
on
your
circuit
diagram,
as
well
as
the
polarities
of
the
power
supplies
and
the
resistors.
Q37.
What
s
the
voliage
across
the
3
k-ohm
resistor?
Figure
5:
A
More
Complex
Circuit
Q38.
What
s
the
voliage
across
the
1
k-ohm
resistor?
Q39.
What
s
the
voltage
across
the
2
k-ohm
resistor?
Tum
off
the
two
power
supplies.
Reconnect
the
circuit
as
shown
in
Figure
5.
Now
insert
an
ammeter
in
series
with
R,.
Turn
the
power
supplies
on
again.
Measure
the
current
I,
through
R,.
Q40.
What
is
the
measured
current
I;?
Turn
off the
two
power
supplies.
Reconnect
the
circuit
as
shown
in
Figure
5.
Now
insert
the
ammeter
in
series
with
R
Tum
the
power
supplies
on
again.
Measure
the
current
I,
through
Ro.
Q41.
What
is
the
measured
current
I,?
“Turn
off
the
two
power
supplies.
Now
insert
the
ammeter
in
series
with
R.
Turn
the
power
supplies
on
again.
Measure
the
current
I
through
R;.
Q42.
What
is
the
measured
currentI;?
Turn
offthe
power
supplies.
Disconnectthe
circuit.
Replace
all
of
the
equipment
and
leads
intheir
proper
places.
Be
sure
to
correctly
bag
the
leads
and
put
them
in
their
plastic
tray.
TURN
OFF THE
DMM!
Using
the
dc
supply
voltages
and
the
values
of the
resistances,
calculate
the
currents,,
T,
and
I
through
the
three resistors
Ry, Ry,
and
Ry,
including
their
expected
directions.
You
will
need
to
use
Kirchhoff's
rules
for
these
calculations.
15-9
Q43.
What
s
your
calculated
value
for
I,?
Q44.
What
is
your
calculated
value
for
I,
?
Q45.
What
is
your
calculated
value
for
I;?
CLEAN-UP
‘When
you
are
satisfied
with
your
measurements
and
calculations, replace
all
of
the
equipment
and
materials
as
directed
by
your
lab
instructor.
Your
group
number
is
on
most
of
the
equipment
and you
are
responsible
for
returning
the
equipment
in
good
order.
If
anything
is
not
working
properly
with
your
equipment,
tell
your
lab
instructor.
Reset
all
measuring
devices
o
zero.
Switch
off
all
equipment.
If
you
received
anything
in a
box
or
bag,
replace
the
equipment
exactly
as
you
received
it.
Recycle
or
discard
any
loose
paper
or
other
unneeded
materials.
If
you
don't
know
where
to
put
something,
ask
your
lab
instructor.
mamR
CONCLUSIONS
When
you
are
satisfied
with
your
results,
answer
the
following
questions.
Q46.
What
is
the
percent
difference
between
your
calculated
and
your
measured
values
of
17
Q@47
What
is
the
percent
difference
between
your
calculated
and
your
measured
values
of
1,?
@48,
What
is
the
percent
difference
between
your
calculated
and
your
measured
values
of
Iy?
@49,
What
are
two
possible
sources
of
error
in
this
experiment?
Be
specific!
7
2.
Q50.
How
could
you
improve
the
accuracy
of
this
experiment?
Be
specific!
Q51
What
combination
of
fundamental
S
units
does
the
ohm
represent?
15-10
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