Crawford question sheet

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California State University, Fresno *

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ENGLISH CO

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English

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Jan 9, 2024

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docx

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1. What did the 1994 reauthorization of the Bilingual Education Act endorse? What was the goal of this law? The first goal of this law was to foster English language acquisition and academic achievement for limited-English-proficient children. This reauthorization aimed to develop native language skills. It also allowed school districts to have flexibility in following bilingual or all-English models. 2. During the 90s before the Proposition 227, why was bilingual education considered a new era? Bilingual Education was considered a new era because language skills were finally being seen as an asset to our economy, having a marketability to Anglo- American parents, and entering an era of public acceptance. 3. According to Crawford, what policy changes took place under the Bush administration regarding bilingual education? What are the effects of No Child Left Behind Act (2002) on bilingual education? Under the Bush administration, a policy change that took place was the No Child Left Behind Act, which repealed the Bilingual Education Act and ended bilingualism as a goal. NCLB turned funding for English-learner programs into formula grants from the states. It created mandatory testing in English that discouraged states and districts from native-language instruction. These policy changes put bilingual education to minorities in jeopardy. 4. Surveys and polls often show that the general public is in favor of English-only education. What are the problems with the survey questions? Why are such polls and surveys biased? The problems with the survey questions are they often neglect to mention details about Proposition 227 and they elicit questionable information because that encourage responses against bilingual education. 5. Do the policy makers and the general public have a good understanding of bilingual education? What role does the media play in shaping public opinion? People do not have a good understanding of bilingual education because explanations of how it works is rarely available. People often rely on second-hand information such as the media; the media shapes public opinions because they perpetuate stereotypes and misconceptions on bilingual education. 6. What are “Racist” and “Ignorance” Hypotheses/explanations about the public support for English-only over bilingual education? The two explanations mentioned in the reading were: 1) the prejudice against Latinos and other linguistic minorities (symbolic racism) and 2) the misunderstanding of bilingual education (they feel that teaching bilingualism steers away from English proficiency).
7. Explain the three different rationales for bilingual education. What does each emphasis? How do the politicians make use of these rationales for policy making? What are the general public views about these approaches? The first rationale of “language as a problem” treats limited English proficiency as a handicap for children and a liability for the country. This creates the need to end the mismatch of languages between home and school and to have students become self-supporting as a result of mainstream classrooms. This motivated the original Bilingual Education Act of 1968 to transition to English as quick as possible. (Remedial Paradigm) The second rationale of “language as a right” focuses on equal educational opportunities for minority children because bilingual education is viewed as a way to overcome language barriers through a student’s curriculum. This motivated the case of Lau v. Nichols of 1974 where language-minority parents sued school districts to end the sink or swim method of instruction. (Equal Opportunity Paradigm) The third rationale of “language as a resource” focuses on the value of culture capital for individuals and society which views bilingual education as a way to develop skills in the native language and English. It also introduces children to the dominant culture without replacing home culture. This rationale can be connected to the English Plus response to the English-only campaign of the mid-1980s. It originated from educators and community leaders of the mid-1960s. (Multi-culturalist Paradigm) 8. What is “English Plus”? What does this approach emphasize? Pg 14 9. Why was Ron Unz’ strategy described as “pro-immigrants” when he distanced himself away from the English-only groups? 10. “Amendment 31” was defeated in Colorado in 2002. What campaign strategy was used for “No on 31” side? Why did the political consultants come up with such a strategy? 11. In responding to English Only campaigns led by Ron Unz, what should the advocates of bilingual education do in future? What strategy, the Multicultural Paradigm or the Equal Opportunity Paradigm, is the author more in favor of? Why?
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