NASC Exam 1 Study Guide

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Bentley University *

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Geography

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Oct 30, 2023

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Exam I study guide ● K-selected versus r-selected species. What is the difference between the two? Pigeon and rat ○ ○ ○ K-selected species are adapted to more stable environments. R-selected species are adapted to environments prone to sudden change. ● Climate change in coral reefs. What’s happening (heat, acidification) and what’s the projections of coral loss. Dying by etc ○ Oceans are absorbing more CO2 & heat ○ Coral reefs are rapidly bleaching, projected 70-90% coral reef loss at 1.5°C (2030) and 100% loss at 2°C (projected by 2040-2050) ○ Heat and ocean acidification ● What’s a cosmopolitan species? ○ A species found everywhere ● What is an ecosystem? ○ Living things (biotic components) interacting with non-living things (abiotic components) in the same environment ● Biotic vs. Abiotic? ○ Biotic =Living

○ Abiotic= nonliving ● Passenger pigeons, what do we think they did? ○ Tragedy of the commons ○ ecosystem services lost ■ Massive guano deposits fueled plant growth and added nutrients ■ Pigeons as food for predators ■ Roosting pigeons killed ‘older’ trees, allowing for increased light availability for new vegetation (biodiversity) ■ Regenerated forest allowed for more animals to move in and use new vegetation ● What does the Anthropocene refer to? ○ Human period on the planet ● What is our atmosphere comprised of? ○ 78% Nitrogen ○ 21% oxygen ○ 1% CO2 and other gases (greenhouse effect) ○ Water vapor % varies 0-4% ● Why are sea levels rising? ○ Melting of landlocked ice flowing into ocean ○ thermal expansion of water ● Types survivorship curves and what kinds of animals fall into each 3 types, mice, fish, humans (slide on BB) ○ ○ Type I – mortality occurs in old age (humans); slow reproduction, large k-selected animals ○ Type II – Mortality not age dependent, constant; large birds, some fish ○ Type III – early mortality, typical of smaller, r-selected species ● The four types of ecosystem services (provisioning, regulating, cultural, supporting) On

quiz ○ Definition= benefits that humans derive directly or indirectly from ecosystem processes ■ Provisioning: provides materials ● Water ● Food ● Medicine ● oil ■ Regulating: benefit provided by ecosystem processes ● Pollination ● Decomposition ● water/air purification ■ Cultural Services: nonmaterial benefit that advances the development of people ● Recreation ● Spiritual ● science education ■ Supporting: necessary for production of other services ● Photosynthesis ● Soil formation ● Water cycle ● Greenhouse gases: types, sources, strength of gasses, importance Co2(weakest), methane (strong), and nitrous oxide (strongest) ○ Traps in heat radiating off earth’s surface ○ CO2 ■ Fossil fuels ■ Cement ■ Burning of forest/grassland ○ Methane ■ Decaying matter ■ Natural gas ■ Cattle ■ Coal mines ○ N20 ■ Combustion engines ■ Burning of organic material ■ soil/microbial activity ● What is ocean acidification? ○ Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. ● Density dependent vs. density independent factors and population growth Bigger population and its effects (disease, lack of resources) Independent- stuff like storms Both affect population differently (independent all at once)

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