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Dec 6, 2023

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Questions Lecture 7. S ome stuff may be wrong, comment if so 1. Population data are available over much of the Holocene for three major regions of the world (Europe, China, India). Over the long haul, in the big picture, have these three regions had: different, identical, exactly opposite, similar (circle one) patterns of population dynamics? 2. The overall pattern for the three regions in question 1 have been: exponential, J shaped on arithmetic axes but not semi-log, sub-exponential, or super exponential growth? Circle one. 3. The Holocene began when the temperature rose and became stable, unlike the situation in the previous geological epoch, which was (the Google is your friend). The Holocene began about when? 10,000 BCE? 4. During the last half or so of the Holocene, the NDT occurred and boosted birth rates and it also resulted in high death rates, with the result that population grew but only slowly? . 5. By the beginning of the Common Era (what year on our calendar?) death rates had edged downward, birth rates remained high, and population grew more rapidly 5.1 When your prof was an undergrad, the time before the Common Era as referred to as BC? 5.2 Why do we use CE now instead of the earlier usage? Its more religiously neutral 5.3. Plotting human population from the beginning of the NDT through the year 0 (OCE) was the growth exponential, sub exponential, super exponential (choose one)? Sub exponential? Did this pattern occur in alligators, house cats? My guess is no! 6. However, human death rates remained high through the 16 th century, with many diseases and pandemics, not to mention wars, ravaged societies. The most famous pandemic of this time was the (lecture 7, Samuel Pepys) which is a (viral, bacterial , invertebrate, prion) disease spread by (a invertebrate species) flea that is a parasite. Prairie dogs suffer a related disease and have epidemics (Google it). Bubonic plague

7. Human zoonotic diseases are diseases gotten from direct contact with animals 7.1 The seasonal flu is such a disease caused by virus that cycles through human populations and is spread by spray droplets from a sick person coughing or sneezes. What other viral disease do you know that is spread in this fashion ? Covid-19 West Nile virus cycles through human and ___________ populations and is spread by mosquitoes. 8. The wood cut by Albrecht Durer, The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1498) shows several common sources of premature death faced by humanity in the late Holocene. Those horrifying sources of mortality were: conquest, war, famine, and disease which affected one another. 8.1 How can war affect famine and disease? D ead bodies spread disease, and invaders may destroy crops they come across 9. In the demographic history of Egypt, presented as a graph by Joel Cohen ( lecture 6), what sources of mass mortality have repeatedly driven the population down since 750 BC? C onquests and plagues 10. Concisely describe the major elements of the Colombian exchange: dates, “In 1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue….” movement of agricultural species from the New World to the Old World, corn, potato, tomatoes ,peppers, beans, tobacco Agricultural species from Old World to New. citrus, apple, banana, wheat, rice Effects upon people of the Americas, Slavery, death, disease, depopulation effect upon human populations in the Old World. Increased density of Old World folks due to new crops Upsides and downsides. Who benefitted, who suffered, why. 11. What effect did the Columbian exchange have upon China, Sweden, give approximate dates, causes, and effects.

Sweden, potatoes 17 th century onward. With peace and variolation, the population boomed. Similar throughout much of Europe. Malthus was right for this period and these places. Emigration to the US let these people free of the Malthusian trap. 12. An historically very early mode of bringing Rø of diseases to less than 1 in epidemics was quarantine that was first known in China? Social distancing is quarantine “lite,” and it works. 13. Smallpox was a hideous viral disease that has been conquered and removed from human populations in your lifetime (Google it). Smallpox vaccinations were invented first by the Chinese , and they were called variolation. How were those early smallpox vaccinations done? You are too young to remember smallpox vaccinations; I have a small circular scare on my arm from one such vaccination. How did smallpox affect the colonization of the New World by Europeans? Smallpox is the first major disease to be eradicated. Google it. 14. By the 17 th century in Europe and colonies, the death rate from diseases was beginning to edge downward as a result of (antibiotics, vaccines for every disease, modern medicine, radiology, public health measures ). Circle one. 15. List 4 public health measures that contributed to the Modern Demographic Transition Part I, which began in the 17 th century. Quarantine, variolation, washing with soap, cleaner water 16. We brought up Malthus again in lecture 7. Recall that his insights at the beginning of the 19 th century that gave Darwin and Wallace their insight about natural selection. In lecture 7 we discuss Paul Krugman’s explanation of the timeline of the Malthusian Trap. Explain Krugman’s argument (more on this is in the EVE101 Population Dynamics reading). What does Joel Cohen’s phrase “Malthus Miffed” mean? Malthus was right for 58 out of 60 centuries of human civilization. Malthus argued that population pressure prevented human technological progress, but modern civilization changed things up. 17. Explain the MDT part one in terms of birth rates, death rates, and population growth rates. death rates fell, birth rates remained high, and population boomed

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