geog exam prep.pdf

The Equator is the line of the Parallel The shape of the earth mainly used in GIS and cartography is Ellipsoid Which of the following is not one of the 6 components of a geographic information system? budget A State Plane Coordinate System is defined by: state government What was John Snow’s claim to fame? Showed that Cholera was transmitted through drinking water using spatial analysis The LandSat and GOES satellites are different in a number of ways including the following: Landsat has a near-polar orbit while GOES is not, LandSat has a finer spatial resolution The technology and method that uses pulsing laser light to measure the elevation values of an airplane or satellite is: LiDAR How many satellites need to be visible from your GPS receiver in order to identify a robust, fixed location (and account for clock errors)? Four Rayleigh Scattering occurs when: particles are very small compared to the wavelengths of radiation he four types of resolution associated with sensor devices in remote sensing (and discussed in class) are: Spatial, Spectral, Radiometric, Temporal GPS is one type of Global Navigation Satellite System. What are three others? GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou Which of the following is a fundamental concept of maps and geography? Space and Scale Who created the first world map with lines of latitude and longitude on it? Ptolemy What is the graticule? The flattening of the ellipsoid. The most accurate way to describe the shape of the earth is as a: Geoid Which of the following is a representative fraction? 1/1000

Which of the following is the correct latitude/longitude for Sydney, Australia? 34’ 0” S, 151’ 0” E With projected coordinates, - Locations are defined by an x, y coordinate on a grid - (b) All systems are based on angular units referenced to a specific ellipsoid or spheroid (c) A and B Which of the following are characteristics of a bad map? - Too much information - Inaccurate information - Poor symbol choice - Ugly The content of the human mind can be divided into these four hierarchical levels: Data, Information, Knowledge, Wisdom True: - Maps show spatial relationships between features or phenomena on the Earth’s surface - On a choropleth map, areas are shaded in proportion to the data being displayed - When animals perform dead reckoning, it is called path integration False: - Converting between hard copy and cognitive maps is an easy, well-understood process. - hard process - The equator is a meridian.- A meridian is a line of longitude that runs from the North Pole to the South Pole, passing through the poles - the scale of a map is the ratio between compass distances and Earth distances - The scale of a map represents the relationship between the distances on the map and the actual distances on the Earth's surface - The most accurate GPS fixes are attained when all satellites are very close to the horizon- The most accurate GPS fixes are typically attained when the GPS receiver has a clear line of sight to as many GPS satellites as possible, including those that are relatively high in the sky - GPS receivers use triangulation to determine a location- trilateration - Mie scattering causes the blue sky and red sunsets- both due to ray -

Space: concept, dimensions - Space (and scale) is a fundamental concept in mapping - x, y, z and t. - 2) Maps: concept, types of maps - A map is the representation of features or phenomena that occur on or near the surface of the earth - Show spatial relationships between features. - Hard, digital and mental copy - Hard to change from mental to anything else 3) Geospatial technologies: concepts - Any information system that collects, stores, edits, analyzes, shares, and displays geographic information - GIS, GPS, Remote Sensing, Surveying, Spatial statistics - Esri - GIS for Government and Public Services - Typical GIS applications: - Three case studies - GIS for Business and Service Planning - 2. Coordinates 1) Shapes of the Earth: sphere, geoid, ellipsoid, topography - Geoid: Most accurate model: slightly irregular or lumpy due to density variations in the earth's crust. - Ellipsoid: Formed by rotating an ellipse about its minor (shorter) axis - Sphere: Simple but inaccurate model 2) Datum: concept (horizontal and vertical), important datums (NAD, WGS84) - A datum defines a starting point for measurement - Horizontal datum: known point on the earth’s surface used for measuring coordinates, distances and directions - vertical datum: known point on the earth’s surface used for measuring heights

- - REGIONAL HORIZONTAL DATUMS - GLOBAL DATUMS - Defining the locations of features and phenomena on the earth’s surface 3) Geographic coordinate system: geographic coordinates (latitude, longitude), graticule, conversion between decimal degrees (DD) and DMS (degrees, minutes, seconds) - LATITUDE - LONGITUDE -

- 4) Map projections: concept, why, projected coordinates (cartesian coordinates and cartesian coordinate system), some coordinate systems (UTM, State Plane Coordinate System, Web Mercator) - Geographic space (curved) to Cartesian space (flat) - What is a map projection? - WHY DO WE NEED map projections? - Common projections: Mercator, Albers, Lambert, - COMMON CARTESIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM: Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM), State plane coordinate system 3. Navigation 1) Concept - a set of skills that involve the determination of position, direction and size (length, area) - All humans and animals use navigation skills to get from point A to point B 2) Scale: concept (spatial extent vs map scale), expression (scale bar, fraction, text), level of detail - Scale is another fundamental concept of maps and geospatial technologies - Map scale - Calculating - expressed in many different way -

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