Hawai'i Physical Geography: Helicopter Data Tour: GPH 112: Intro to Phys Geography Lab (2024 Spring)

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Apr 3, 2024

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3/31/24, 11 : 20 PM Hawai'i Physical Geography: Helicopter Data Tour: GPH 112: Intro to Phys Geography Lab (2024 Spring) Page 1 of 16 https://canvas.asu.edu/courses/178831/quizzes/1343078 ? module_item_id=12797139 Hawai'i Physical Geography: Helicopter Data Tour Due Mar 31 at 11:59pm Points 8 Questions 4 Time Limit None Instructions If you are short on time, reading and just doing the lab is faster. But if you are nervous or worried, this video about doing this lab was made for you. (10 minutes in length) GPH112: Overview of the First Hawai'i lab on … INTRODUCTION: OBJECTIVE OF THIS LAB IS TO BRAINSTORM
3/31/24, 11 : 20 PM Hawai'i Physical Geography: Helicopter Data Tour: GPH 112: Intro to Phys Geography Lab (2024 Spring) Page 2 of 16 https://canvas.asu.edu/courses/178831/quizzes/1343078 ? module_item_id=12797139 Geographers love to pour over and examine maps . Many professional geographers got their start as kids nerding out on books of maps called atlases. Today, future geography stars might spend their hours pouring over collections of all types are widely available online in placed like the Library of Congress (https://www.loc.gov/maps/collections/) , university libraries such as the map and geospatial hub (https://lib.asu.edu/geo) at ASU, seamless topographic maps ( USA topo link (http://mapper.acme.com/) ), and for K-12 teachers the Arizona Geographic Alliance maps (http://geoalliance.asu.edu/maps) . A lot of physical geography research starts with examining maps, looking at patterns, and then coming up with possible physical geography processes to explain those patterns. El Niño is but one example; the fishing industry off the coast of South America has known for centuries (if not millennia) that around the time of Christmas, warm water shows up and fish die offs occur every few years. It wasn't until the 1920s, however, that Gilbert Walker examined maps of pressure and noticed that a "Southern Oscillation" sometimes flip-flops high and low pressure (and rainfall patterns) across the tropical south Pacific. Then, in the 1960s, Jacob Bjerknes connected everything together by studying more maps of pressure, climate, and ocean currents and called the pattern ENSO (El Niño- Southern Oscillation) you learn about in the GPH 111 lecture. Sardine die-off in Chile ( NASA (https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/ElNino/page3.php) ) In a synchronous class, whether online or in person, map interpretation often ends up being a brainstorming session. One person might see a pattern, and then another three might offer up
3/31/24, 11 : 20 PM Hawai'i Physical Geography: Helicopter Data Tour: GPH 112: Intro to Phys Geography Lab (2024 Spring) Page 3 of 16 https://canvas.asu.edu/courses/178831/quizzes/1343078 ? module_item_id=12797139 explanations of processes to explain that pattern. This can then lead to dreaming up "tests" or ways to disprove one explanation or another. For every pattern that eventually gets figured out, like El Niño, there are often dozens of hypotheses offered up and then disproven by these tests. A review of the science in 1957 listed possible causes of El Niño fish die offs that are now disproven, including: "troublesome and unwholesome" north winds; trade winds extending along the Peruvian coast from the Gulf of Panama; the southward flow of equatorial water; submarine landslides; vertical exchanges of heat and water above the coastal shelf; and changes in the oxygen content of the eastern Pacific waters and more. This graphic gets at the essence of science -- that we can never "prove" anything doing science. Proofs are for mathematicians. Scientists just try to come up with ways to disprove our explanations for the patterns we see. We publish when we disprove an explanation and we publish we cannot (yet) disprove an explanation. And we try to teach to our students those explanations that are not yet disproven. But in an asynchronous class like this, we want you to have this experience. Each of the questions you will see in this quiz attempts to provide you a brainstorming experience to think about the patterns you will see. QUESTIONS IN THIS LAB OVERVIEWED Each question has you flying a virtual helicopter in the geovisualization with the idea of you kicking back and observing what you are seeing. The questions are designed NOT to be tricky. If they seem easy for you, please don't second guess your answers. Of the questions seem easy, this means you are good at seeing geographical patterns. Kohala Volcano: Observing rainfall patterns and how they relate to development of river valleys Volcano Types: Flying over two very different giant volcanoes, Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea Dew point: This indicator of the amount of moisture is something you can see virtually in the game environment, and you figure out why it changes so much as you go higher and higher
3/31/24, 11 : 20 PM Hawai'i Physical Geography: Helicopter Data Tour: GPH 112: Intro to Phys Geography Lab (2024 Spring) Page 4 of 16 https://canvas.asu.edu/courses/178831/quizzes/1343078 ? module_item_id=12797139 Attempt History Attempt Time Score LATEST Attempt 1 3 minutes 7 out of 8 Score for this quiz: 7 out of 8 Submitted Mar 12 at 3:34pm This attempt took 3 minutes. Question 1 2 / 2 pts When a lava flow buries a forest: What comes next? Straight(ish) lines are rare in nature, but they can be explained Part 1: Background Information: Kohala is the oldest of the five large volcanoes (called shield volcanoes). All of Hawai'i's shield volcanoes are composed of the same rock type (basalt). The shield shape of these volcanoes describes that (with some exceptions) they all have gentle slopes. Most of the Kohala volcano had formed by about a million years ago, even though younger volcanics occur here and there. For the purposes of this question - you can consider the entire Kohala volcano surface to be about a million years old. Part 2: Exploring the Geovisualization In the Hawai'i geovisualization - you will use the helicopter mode of fast travel to study the mapped data Use Fast Travel to jump to the Honokane Nui Lookout at latitude: 20.1967, longitude:
3/31/24, 11 : 20 PM Hawai'i Physical Geography: Helicopter Data Tour: GPH 112: Intro to Phys Geography Lab (2024 Spring) Page 5 of 16 https://canvas.asu.edu/courses/178831/quizzes/1343078 ? module_item_id=12797139 -155.7246 Again, in the Fast Travel menu, select the other side of Kohala (you can either click on the other side as seen below, or input these coordinates: latitude: 20.0551, longitude: -155.8376) - this time don't click on the paper airplane icon. You will be going by helicopter. But I suggest you move the air speed to the fast position and click on scale speed. This will make the helicopter go faster. Just look at the topography and vegetation cover you see in the game. Then, do this again, but when you are flying click on the isohyet rainfall layer. You can also go back and forth between Landsat and rainfall. Also - I recommend that you pull the camera way up high and have the camera point in the direction of the helicopter movement. You might have to experiment with the mouse/mousepad/trackball to figure out camera movement. But this will allow you to see a lot more like this shot of the rainfall layer with the helicopter way below you:
3/31/24, 11 : 20 PM Hawai'i Physical Geography: Helicopter Data Tour: GPH 112: Intro to Phys Geography Lab (2024 Spring) Page 6 of 16 https://canvas.asu.edu/courses/178831/quizzes/1343078 ? module_item_id=12797139 There's a lot more rainfall on the west-facing side of Kohala, to get bigger streams and more stream erosion Since the rainfall is pretty even on both sides, there has to be a different explanation than precipitation amounts Correct! Feel free to make this virtual trip a few times and think about why there are deep stream valleys on one side, and there is only one tiny stream valley on the other side. Part 3 (Optional): What scientists have found... This 2013 paper on the role of precipitation in river evolution on Kohala (https://canvas.asu.edu/courses/178831/files/79358225?wrap=1) supports one of the hypotheses, but the current way of thinking might be wrong. Science can only disprove. You certainly do not have to read this journal article to get the quiz question correct, but we hope that you are curious enough to at least skim it. QUESTION: What physical geography process is the most likely explanation for the much greater development of river valleys on the eastern side of the Kohala volcano (than the western side of Kohala)? The answer that is keyed as correct is based on the information you saw on the helicopter trip (Landsat image, topography, rainfall).
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