Chapter+17+Reading+Guide

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AP Human Geo Name__________________ Chapter 17 – Urban Living 17.1 – Designing for Urban Life (pages 452-459) 1. What does reducing a city’s ecological footprint mean? 2. What are the different strategies urban planners are employing to make cities sustainable? (Both environmentally friendly and welcoming to diverse communities) 3. Just as a reminder, identify two environmental consequences of urban sprawl: 4. What is the intended goal of all mixed-use developments (MUDs)? 5. Give an example of a MUD. 6. What does it mean if a community is walkable? Explain one of the measures of walkability. 7. What is one of the reasons listed as to why European countries produce fewer greenhouse gas emissions than the U.S.? Provide a country example and compare it to the U.S. 8. Using Arlington County, Virginia as an example, explain what transportation-oriented development is. 9. Provide an environmental and economic result of such developments as stated in the previous question. 10. What is the aim of smart-growth policies? What is a crucial tool of smart growth? 11. Explain the difference between mixed-use zoning versus traditional zoning.
12. Write down a few policies New Urbanists (also closely associated with smart growth) advocate for: 13. One of the stated goals of New Urbanism is to create – or re-create – a sense of place in cities. How is this achieved? 14. For each of the following cities, what were some New Urbanist and smart-growth initiatives that were implemented? Curitiba, Brazil Freiburg, Germany Sao Paulo, Brazil 15. What is a slow-growth city? How do urban growth boundaries help achieve this? 16. _________ is a significant part of growth management plans. 17. What do critics of growth management argue? 18. What did Lancaster County, Pennsylvania’s growth management plan include? 19. How does housing diversity work? What types of homes are encouraged? 20. What are the different benefits of housing diversity? Without it, ____________ times could be long. 21. Explain what Tucson, Arizona did to create mixed-income housing. 22. What is a greenbelt, and how do they contribute to smart growth and the ecological health of a city? Explain London’s green belt on page 456. 23. Who created the first forest preserve in the early 20 th century that is still the largest in the U.S., with nearly __________ acres?!
24. List the environmental benefits of the smart growth movement. 25. How does smart-growth enhance residents’ quality of life? Give three examples. 26. What are the social benefits of smart-growth urban design initiatives? Give two examples. 27. What do critics of smart growth and New Urbanism claim? 28. How do critics argue that such initiatives lead to de facto segregation? Give an example in the United States. 29. How do critics argue that urban design initiatives result in a sense of placelessness? 30. What is Celebration, Florida? Vocab – ecological footprint, mixed-use development, walkability, transportation-oriented development, smart- growth policies, mixed-use zoning, traditional zoning, new urbanism, slow-growth cities, urban growth boundary, greenbelt, de facto segregation Segregation that results from residential patterns rather than from prejudicial laws Impact of a person or community on the environment, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain the use of natural resources Zoning that permits multiple land uses in the same space or structure A single planned development designed to include multiple uses, such as residential, retail, educational, recreational, industrial, and office spaces A school of thought that promotes designing growth to limit the amount of urban sprawl and preserve nature and usable farmland
Zoning that creates separate zones based on land-use type or economic function such as various categories of residential, commercial, or industrial Policy implemented to create sustainable communities by placing development in convenient locations and designing it to be more efficient and environmentally responsible A measure of how safe, convenient, and efficient it is to walk in an urban environment The creation of dense, walkable, pedestrian-oriented, mixed-use communities centered around or located near a transit station A boundary that separates urban land uses from rural land uses by limiting how far a city can expand A ring of parkland, agricultural land, or other type of open space maintained around an urban area to limit sprawl City where planners have used smart-growth policies to decrease the rate at which the city grows outward 17.2 – Causes and Impact of Urban Changes (pages 460-470) 1. What are the three interconnected problems U.S. cities face? 2. Where does most of the city’s tax revenue come from? What services do these tax dollars support? Give examples. 3. Explain several reasons as to why tax revenues have declined over the past half century. 4. Identify reasons as to why the costs of maintaining infrastructure and providing urban services has increased, even with a diminishing tax base. 5. What effect does the relocation of middle-class and wealthier populations (along with businesses) to the suburbs have on low-income populations in older central city neighborhoods? Be specific. This is an important question in understanding how where one lives is linked to opportunity.
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