GEOL101 Lab 1.pdf

Introduction: Geoscience is the science of Earth, which is crucial to understanding environmental health, natural hazards, and sustainable development. Geoscientists can study the interior of the Earth by considering the scaling density to reveal how materials change in substance as they lie deeper in the planet’s interior, explaining tectonic plates, seismic waves, and material composition. Additionally, geoscientists map Earth’s surface with geographic coordinates, the latitude and longitude, where latitude measures the north-south positions relative to the Equator and the longitude correlates to the east-west positions from the Prime Meridian. The Geographic Information System (GIS) can help monitor land use, natural resources, and environmental conditions to help track deforestation, urbanization, and climate change impacts. Furthermore, human life does not take a significant time period from Earth’s establishment; specifically, deep time refers to the geological history of Earth as evidenced by the layers of deposited rocks over the last 4.6 billion years. The Earth’s system, the geosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, and biosphere interact with one another giving scientists an understanding of climate shifts, natural disasters, and ecosystem dynamics. Activity 1.1: A. For each, input the coordinates into Google Earth using its Search function, press the “Search button to go to the spot, identify the feature at that location, note where it is, and write a brief description in the space provided in the last column. ^ Figure A1.1.1 B. Find an interesting place on Earth and let us know what you found.

^Figure A1.1.2 ^ Figure A1.1.4 D) Reflect and Discuss: Navigate to 54.1291, -7.3064, and examine the area from an eye altitude of ~4 km.

1. In the image determined by the above coordinates, I believe the national border would lie along a major geographical feature such as the Finn River in this approximate area. 2. The United Kingdom and Ireland are separated by this border. The national border seems to have a very irregular shape, one that would more likely be influenced by the direction of natural or important landscape features. It seems “wonky”. 3. The land use differs across the border at -9.8396,-66.3362 as on one side of the border the land appears to be used for agricultural purposes, whereas on the opposite side, the land appears to be untouched and covered by forests. 4. This border separates Brazil and Bolivia. The border of this landscape is marked by the river Rio Abuna. Activity 1.4: Scaling, Density, and Earth’s Deep Interior

Conversion factor: 63.71 mm on the map for every 1 km on Earth. Work: = 100 ?? 6371 𝑘? ??𝑘??𝑤? ?? 1 𝑘? Cross multiply, divide by 100: = 100 100 6371 𝑘? 100 ?? mm = 63.71 𝑘? ?? 2. Use that scaling factor to compute the values in the right column of Fig. A1.4.1.

Work: 6,371 km = 100 mm, 1 km = 100 6,371 100 km → 100 * = 1.57 mm 100 6371 Sea Level = 0 mm 35 km → 35 * = 0.549 mm 100 6371 410 km → 410 * = 6.44 mm 100 6371 660 → 660 * = 10.36 mm 100 6371 2889 → 2889 * = 45.35 mm 100 6371 5154 km → 5154 * = 80.9 mm 100 6371 6,371 → 6371 * = 100 mm 100 6371 3) Mark the “distances from sea” from the right column of Fig. A1.4.1 onto the left side of the millimeter scale on Fig. A1.4.2.

^ Fig A1.4.2 4)

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