Exam 2

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University Of Arizona *

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256

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Geography

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Apr 3, 2024

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docx

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Uploaded by ElderGoose3515

Sustainable Cities GEOG/PLG/RNR 256 Exam 2 Q1(8 points):  Provide an example of an economic strategy to protect biodiversity which has strong anthropocentric justifications for sustainability and how is this different than a biocentric justification? Answer: The best example that comes to my mind when it said “an example of an economic strategy to protect biodiversity which has strong anthropocentric justifications for sustainability”, is ecotourism. This strategy uses financial gains from tourism in natural regions to support biodiversity conservation. Ecotourism is defended by anthropocentric arguments such as economic gains, environmental protection, and cultural preservation. In contrast, a biocentric justification would emphasize the fundamental worth of biodiversity itself, promoting its preservation on the grounds that all livings are valuable and deserving of respect, regardless of how beneficial they may be to people. So, while both approaches may lead to the protection of biodiversity, they stem from different philosophical perspectives and motivations. Q2(8 points):  What are two examples of ecosystem services our society depend on and what are strategies to protect them? Answer: Protection from disasters: Natural defenses against calamities like floods, hurricanes, and tsunamis are provided by biodiverse ecosystems including mangroves, woodlands, and coral reefs. Wave and wind energy is absorbed and dispersed by these ecosystems, lessening the effect of extreme weather events on infrastructure and coastal populations. How to defend: protecting and rehabilitating coastal habitats to improve their capacity for reducing the consequences of natural disasters, such as mangroves, salt marshes, and coral reefs. putting policies in place to stop the development of coastal regions and the clearing of forests in places that are vulnerable, as well as incorporating ecosystem-based methods into plans for disaster risk reduction and management. The second example of ecosystem service is; Air and water purification: Because biodiverse ecosystems trap pollutants, absorb carbon dioxide, and release oxygen, they are essential for filtering and cleaning air and water. In their natural capacity, wetlands, grasslands, and forests filter impurities from water sources and remove airborne pollutants and particle matter. How to defend: putting money into green infrastructure projects to improve metropolitan areas' water and air purification, such as built wetlands, vegetated swales, and green roofs. Q3(8 points):  What are two characteristics of the old paradigm of habitat protection and how do these contrast with two characteristics of the new paradigm of habitat protection? Describe one example at least of either paradigm that demonstrates the characteristics you mentioned. Answer: Old Paradigm Example:

Sustainable Cities GEOG/PLG/RNR 256 Exam 2 Conservation/Preservation: Under the old paradigm, habitat protection primarily focused on conserving or preserving pristine natural areas without much consideration for sustainable resource use or the needs of local communities. An example of this might be the establishment of a national park where strict regulations are enforced to preserve the area's biodiversity and scenic beauty. Managed for tourists and ecosystem services: National parks and protected areas in the old paradigm were often managed primarily to cater to tourists and to provide ecosystem services such as clean air and water. For instance, management practices might prioritize visitor facilities and recreational activities over the needs of wildlife or local communities living nearby. New Paradigm Example: Seek social and economic objectives: In the new paradigm, habitat protection initiatives aim to achieve social and economic objectives alongside conservation goals. An example of this could be a community-based conservation project where local communities are involved in sustainable resource management practices that provide livelihood opportunities while also conserving biodiversity. Run by many partners, including local people: Under the new paradigm, habitat protection efforts involve collaboration among multiple stakeholders, including local communities, NGOs, government agencies, and private sector entities. For instance, a landscape-scale conservation initiative might bring together diverse stakeholders to develop and implement strategies for habitat protection, sustainable land use, and community development. These examples illustrate the shift from traditional conservation approaches focused solely on preserving nature to more inclusive and holistic approaches that consider social, economic, and environmental objectives in habitat protection efforts. Q4(8 points):  What are three urban planning tools that are used by cities to acquire land for habitat protection? Describe each strategy and explain how a city can use that tool to acquire land for habitat. Answer: First tool is Transfer of Development Rights (TDR), which allows landowners to sell development rights to developers, who can then use those rights to increase the density or intensity of development in designed areas. TDR programs can be used to incentivize landowners to conserve environmentally sensitive lands by compensating them for the development rights they relinquish. The second tool I am going to mention is Conservation Easements which can be described as a legal agreements between landowners and conservation organizations or government agencies that restrict certain type of development or land uses on a property in order to preserve it is natural, scenic, or historic values. This tool can be used to permanently protect critical habitats, open spaces, and wildlife corridors from development and ensure their long-term conservation. And the last one I wanted to mention is Land Use Zoning. Land Use Zoning involves designating specific areas within a city for different types of development, such residential, commercial, industrial, and conservation zones. This tool can be used to protect critical habitats, green spaces, and natural areas from incompatible development.

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