Oceanography midterm

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Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi *

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1403

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Geography

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Apr 3, 2024

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docx

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Oceanography midterm What are the four types of Oceanography? Define each. 1. Geological - Ocean floor and sediments 2. Chemical - Elements contained in ocean, H2O 3. Physical - Waves, Tides, and Energy 4. Biological - Organisms What are the four main oceans? And one more? Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Artic, Southern For the different oceans, make sure you know which one is the: 1. Largest 2. Deepest 3. Shallowest 1. Pacific 2. Pacific 3. Artic (Pacific: Oldest, Atlantic: Youngest) Identify the composition of the following layers: 1. Crust 2. Mantle 3. Core 1. Silicates - ocean-basalt, continents, granite 2. Magnesium and Iron, Melted 3. Iron & Nickel Where do most scientists think the water on our planet came from? Out-gassing, water vapor and other gasses from the earth's interior What is the continental drift? Who proposed the idea? Alfred Wegener. Continents were once one lard land mass know as Tangea. Name 3 pieces of evidence for continental drift. Plant fossils: pangea, pantholassas Rocks, fossils, climate, puzzle like fit What does the Theory of Plate Tetonics state? Earth's crust is divided into several plates that move independently of one another in response to the heat flow in crust.

Describe the process of Sea-Floor Spreading. As plates move apart, new ocean crust is created at mid-ocean ridge and destroyed at deep-sea ridge due to subduction. Who proposed the Sea-Floor Spreading Process? Harry Hess What is thought to cause Sea-Floor Spreading and Continental Drift? Magnetic pull Describe how magnetic reversal helped to support Sea-floor spreading. The rocks had stripes that indicated changes in the magnetism How old is the ocean floor. 180 million years old. What are the three types of plate boundaries? Divergent, Convergent, Transform D = moving apart mid-A ridge C = towards each other, Eurasia and India T = Sliding past each other How did geologists discover hydrothermal vents? Heat differences in the ocean. How does a hydrothermal vent form? Why are they beneficial? Sea water seeps into cracks and is heated by the magma beneath the sea floor. The pressure from the heated water pushed the heated water up through vents in the sea floor. What allows for organisms to live near hydrothermal vents? Bacteria that use chemosynthia to produce food. What is the difference between a black and white smoker? Black has metals, white does not. Where are most vents located? Plate boundaries. Where is the greatest quantity of sediments found?

Farther away from oceanic ridge. How is echolocation and sonar used to map out the ocean floor? Amount of time the sonar wave takes to bounce back determines depth. Studying the sea floor is studying what type of Earth process? Sea floor spreading. How does the Hawaiian Islands form? As the plate moves over the hot spots, magma breaks through the crust and solidifies to create new land What is the deepest part of the ocean? Part of what trench? Mariana Trench. Define Paleonmagnetism. The study of the orientation of the magnetic particle in the rock. Pangea. Define Pangea. Supercontinent; 255 million years ago Define Supercontinent. An aggregation of several continental land masses Define Plate boundaries. The narrow regions where plates meet Define Archimedies Principle. Principle stating that buoyant forces and floating objects are equal to the weight of the weight of the displaced fluid. Define Atlantic Type Margins. Passive margins. Define Pacific Type Margins. At a plate boundary dominated by tectonic activity. Continental margin.

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