Population Growth Models: Quiz Questions for Exam Success

Question 1 Which of the following is NOT a good situation for a transect method of sampling abundance: Organisms are difficult to observe Terrain is difficult to move through Organisms are mobile Question 2 Using the geometric model (remember λ = 1+b-d) What is the population size at t = 1, where: No = 4 b = 2 d = 0 12 16 36 8 Question 3 Using the geometric model (remember λ = 1+b-d) What is the population size at t = 2, where: No = 4

b = 2 d = 0 12 16 36 8 Question 4 What does the "r" in this equation refer to? N t =N o e rt intrinsic growth rate population size birth rate Question 5 λ Consider the following population growth model N t =N O * λ t Which of the following statements is true about this model? It includes the "Malthusian parameter" It includes the "instantaneous rate of increase" It includes the "intrinsic rate of increase"

It includes the "finite rate of increase" Question 6 Match the following equations to the statements below. Not all equations must be used, and an equation may be used more than once. Vital rates are constant; births and deaths are happening continuously Vital rates are changing as the population grows The logistic equation The equation for density-dependent population growth A discrete time equation 1 . Nt+1 = λ Nt 2 . dN/dt = rN 3 . dN/dt = rN [(K-N)/ K] Question 7 When a population is at carrying capacity... Birth rates are lower and/or death rates are higher than when the population is smaller. Competition is expected to be at its highest. Population size is stable. All of the above. 2 3 3 3 1

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Question 8 You are studying a population and you wonder if birth rates are density-dependent. How would you test for that? Test whether birth rates are stable Test for a relationship between birth rate in a year and population size in that year Test for environmental variation in birth rates Question 9 The 'K' in the logistic equation... refers to carrying capacity indicates the size at which the population will stop growing is associated with the 'K' life history strategy all of the above Question 10 Density-INDEPENDENT population regulation is predicted to be associated with: An 'r-strategy' life history A low resource environment A high competition environment

Question 11 Based on the transition matrix and associated diagram below: If you have 100 of each stage this year, how many of B do you have next year? 70 10 1 7 Question 12 Based on the transition matrix and associated diagram below: Could this matrix be AGE-structured? Yes No There is not enough information to say

Question 13 A sensitivity analysis... quantifies the change in population growth rate as a result of a change in a vital rate calculates the probability that a population will go extinct identifies the maximum sustainable harvest Question 14 The figures below show different patterns of survivorship for different species. Match the descriptions to the types of survivorship shown. Most individuals die at an early age Most individuals survive to old age Individuals die at a constant rate 1 . Type I 2 . Type II 3 . Type III Question 15 Your are studying an age-structured population, and you notice that while vital rates (transition rates) do NOT change from one year to the next, the age distribution is not the same from one year to the next. What does this mean for the population? The population is not at stable age distribution and will fluctuate until it reaches that state The population is affected by environmental variability 3 1 2

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The population is affected by density-dependent vital rates Any of the above could be true Question 16 Stochastic variation (environmental or demographic) in vital rates... happens only to small populations always leads to a lower population growth rate than expected from the average vital rates is density dependent always leads to extinction Question 17 Demographic stochasticity... is variability introduced into realized vital rates because of chance variation in vital rates between individuals has a larger impact on small populations increases the probability of extinction all of the above Question 18 If a population has a λ of 1.2 this year, and then λ of 0.8 the following year, the population is... growing declining stable

unknown; there is not enough information to determine the population trajectory Question 19 For a population to be a metapopulation and to persist over time, it must include: extinction colonization open patches all of the above Question 20 The Levins model describes growth of a metapopulation: dp/dt = cp(1-p) – ep What part of this equation describes the availability of empty patches? (1-p) p e c Question 21 Maximum Sustainable Yield... occurs at 1/2K in the logistic model is the maximum biomass of fish that it is possible to harvest

changes with demand for a species of fish takes into account selection for small fish Question 22 Marine reserves are a recent strategy for managing fisheries. Marine reserves involve which of the following? Areas set aside for no fishing Increases in population sizes within the reserve Dispersal from the reserve to areas outside of the reserve All of the above Question 23 If a fishery harvests mostly the largest fish in a population, what is a consequence that we should expect? Selection for smaller size Increased dispersal Demographic stochasticity All of the above Question 24 The concept of Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) in fisheries assumes a particular type of population model. What is a reason that the model itself might be an incorrect model for the population? Environmental stochasticity Supply and demand

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Compliance with regulations Question 25 There are a number of problems with implementing the idea of Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) in fisheries. What is a practical problem? Bycatch (catching non-target species) Enforcement (preventing illegal fishing) Economics (supply and demand) All of the above Question 26 Which is a proximate reason for the limit of a distribution? Extinction of edge populations before they can adapt Gene flow from the core Lack of dispersal beyond the edge Question 27 Which is an ultimate reason for the limit of a distribution? Lack of dispersal beyond the edge Genetic drift in small edge populations Low fitness beyond the edge All of the above

Question 28 Which is a reason why our local Sky Islands harbor such high species diversity? Long distances between habitat patches, relative to dispersal High genetic diversity within species Gene flow among islands Adaptive plasticity Question 29 How does a realized niche differ from the fundamental niche? The realized niche is based on museum collections. The realized niche is based on climate variables. The realized niche does NOT include the effects of species interactions. The realized niche includes the effects of species interactions. Question 30 Which of the following is NOT typically part of the process of making a climatic niche model? Collecting observations of the locations where a species is found, e.g. from museum data Determining the range of climate variables that occur where the species is found Collecting observations of dispersal distances for the species Identifying geographic locations with environments within the observed acceptable range of climatic variables Question 31 Match the definitions with the correct terms:

The locations in space where a species occurs Spatial distribution of individuals at a small scale Movement of an entire population Movement of an individual away from other individuals The environments in which a species occurs 1 . Dispersal 2 . Dispersion 3 . Distribution 4 . Migration 5 . Niche Question 32 A sky island animal species lives in oak woodlands on the mountains. This species cannot cross the desert in the valleys between mountains, however, it can use riverbeds to get between mountains. For this species, riverbeds are: A matrix A suitable patch A corridor Question 33 What does it mean when we say that a dispersal distribution has a 'fat tail'? There are rare, long-distance dispersal events 3 2 4 1 5

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Most dispersal happens at long distances Species never disperse very far Most dispersal is near the source Question 34 Below are different examples of methods used to quantify dispersal distances. Match each one to whether it is a direct or indirect method for observing dispersal: Allele for black coat color in wolves Radio collars on jaguars Leg bands on birds Fluorescent powder on insects Traps to collect seeds at different distances from a known mother tree 1 . Direct 2 . Indirect Question 35 We discussed how, during the last glacial maximum, much of North America was covered by glaciers and even non- glaciated areas were very different than they are today. Pollen deposits have revealed how tree distributions have changed in response. From this we can learn: That average dispersal distance can't explain the rate at which trees dispersed into newly suitable areas That long distance dispersal events are very important for explaining changes in distributions That distributions have changed over time and have not always been where we see them today All of the above Question 36 Match the following terms to the descriptions below: 2 1 1 2 1

A species that is unwanted / causes harm A species that humans move beyond its natural dispersal abilities A species that grows to high abundance and becomes dominant in a community 1 . Introduced species 2 . Invasive species: popular/legal definition 3 . Invasive species: ecological definition Question 37 Which of the following is an example of an invasive species according to the ECOLOGICAL definition? An introduced species of butterfly has become highly abundant in meadows An introduced weed gives people hay fever An introduced disease is decimating bird populations Question 38 There are many reasons small introduced populations might go extinct, and several of these reasons are related to population size. Which of the reasons below is NOT related to small population sizes: Environment outside the niche Positive density-dependence (Allee effects) Genetic drift Stochastic extinction Question 39 Match the following terms to the descriptions below: Introduced species has access to different ways of resisting enemies 1 . Novel niche 2 . Novel weapons 2 1 3 2

Introduced species does not need to invest in resisting enemies Introduced species has access to different resources 3 . Enemy escape Question 40 Match the following to their type of introduction: Ballast water for ships Landscaping plants Fish introduced to ponds for recreational fishing 1 . Intentional 2 . Accidental 3 1 2 1 1

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