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Jan 9, 2024

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Atmospheric Global Winds General Circulation

GENERAL CIRCULATION Semi- permanent pressure cells are all over the planet, it varies depending on a region. Heat and latitude influence these cells. inclement weather systems and patterns are controlled by these cells in any given region. The types of High-Low systems influence cyclonic and winter weather. The dominant winds of the mid-latitudes are caused by low and high areas of semi-permanent cells. The name itself explains the not staying forever. The causes of these cells are numerous and include variations in temperatures, the spinning of the Earth, percentages of water and environments (land areas) which can cause variation in the atmospheres pressure which can create more semi-permanent cells in varied areas. These cells are in the atmosphere moving and are usually large systems. The rate of change in weather distance with pressure and humidity influence these systems as well. The Hemisphere that is in the East and west direction has pressure systems with lows and highs. These systems are considered semi-permanent and are related to mountains and jet streams. The surface area around the planet has a pressure belt that is in a moist, warm area called the "equatorial Trough" it is an area with low-pressure and is found at ten degrees north and ten degrees south (Britannica, 2012) Some examples of semi-permanent cells are: The ocean and in the "North Pacific" experiences "Aleutian low-pressure system" which causes considerable rain in the region of the "Pacific Northwest (Cascadia) and Alaska". The Icelandic low" system in the ocean of the North Atlantic, causes the Iceland and territories to experience major precipitation. The "Bermuda High" pressure system creates hot and humid climate in the region of the southeastern US (Britannica, 2012).

WIND & PRESSURE IN THE TROPOSPHERE The gravitational force of the planet is very important to the atmosphere, the air pressure is created by gravity compression within the atmosphere. Although the pressure does not work alone, it also takes the gradient force, which is caused by an imbalanced of heating on the planet from solar radiation, which is directed toward the equator. This extra heating within a lower latitude, means the Poles are a lot colder and the barometric pressure is higher . Warmer air has a less density with lower pressure. These complete opposites in the pressure is what causes wind to be constantly moving between the low and high pressure. The atmospheric "jet stream"which moves wesrterly and easterly in the troposphere is created by imbalanced temperatures within the atmosphere, the "jet stream" creates and moves the weather in various degrees, can create extreme storms. The spinning of the Earth causes the Coriolis force, it veers the wind off from a normal path into upper and lower pressure within the "northern hemisphere" and as the Friction increases, the speed of the wind slows down, as it will also go in a completely different direction than motion, the balance between the two is the "geostrophic wind" (Britannica, 2023).

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OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE INTERACTIONS Coastal weather and climates are determined by current of the oceans because, heat is moved from the currents within the ocean from the poles to the equator. Patterns in circular spiral movements within an ocean's currents are particular to that ocean, each ocean has its own unique movement in the currents. Dominate surface winds create motions in the oceans, these dominate winds are like the circulations of the planet's atmospheric winds. Some oceans will move heat from lower latitudes into much higher latitudes. Wind in the atmosphere is much faster than the currents in water, which is at a slower speed because of friction. Friction creates the currents in the oceans, this happens as wind moves over the water surface. There is a unique transfer of energy from solar radiation between oceans and other bodies of water, land areas, and in the atmosphere of Earth (Smithsonian, 2020). Western moving wind is very important to ocean currents that are on the surface, as are the "Trade Winds" going toward the East, it is generally West to East and East to West. Water is also important. The weight of water can be measured as, "per its unit volume" So, cold water is denser and heavier as is water with a lot of salt. When water is cold and salty it tends to sink lower and push water up from the bottom and this in turn creates currents. Any movement of water within the body, whether it is up or down will create currents. There is a global wind system that controls the world's oceans and there is also winds that are local that affect currents at the coast. (Britannica 2023). Wind veers because the planet spins, this is the "Coriolis effect" going into the North Hemisphere to the right and left into the South hemisphere, this creates uneven paths of wind in the troposphere. Water will eventually build up in a direction that the wind is moving on a global level and will veer the currents at the surface to the north hemisphere taking a right and a left in the south hemisphere just like the atmosphere winds. The currents in the ocean become circles called "gyres" moving in opposite directions with the right moving in a spiral clockwise and the left will be a spiral moving counter-clockwise, moving along the equator going north and also, south. There are deep layers in the oceans that are affected by the movement of the surface water currents created by winds that occur as water is being pushed underneath by shallow water, and in turn each deep layer of water is moving much slower than the layer above it. Eventually this stops at approximately three hundred feet. Once again, the "Coriolis effect veers the deeper water to the north hemisphere going right and left into the southern hemisphere, so the depth of the layer of water determines how fast or slow it spirals and will be moving in the opposite direction the water at the surface is (NOAA).

STORMS LIFE CYCLE A big mass of air will begin to spiral in a low- pressure atmosphere counter- clockwise in the mid-latitudes and will develop during colder seasons, although sometimes a development can occur in early summer months. It can be extremely massive in size at approximately one thousand miles wide, I would call this a monster storm. The development begins at approximately thirty degrees to fifty degrees latitude with two air masses that oppose one another, this is called a weather front or can be called a boundary. These air masses have different levels of humidity and temperatures, rotating air higher up in the atmosphere begins a formation because of opposing pressure differences. A flow in the air begins to form, the two opposing fronts begin to intermingle and generate early cyclonic behavior. At this stage precipitation sets in because of the intermingling of cold and warmer air and with an area of low- pressure setting in. The warmer air will cause the cyclone to reach another level in growing because "warmer air replaces the colder front" (NOAA, 2023) because the warm air is forced upward by the steep of the colder front. The center of this maturing cyclone is where the lowest pressure will be with wind speeds that have grown stronger several miles above the ground. Warm air in the front is not as dense as the colder front beyond it and will rise above the colder air. The cold dense air merges with the warmer front and this further developes the shape or organization of the cyclone. A "loop" has already formed by this stage and eventually the surrounding of warm air that is a pocket of low pressure will close off and the moist warm air is stopped from uplifting, causing a period of stabilization. These mid-latitude cyclonic storms can be extremely destructive, ecosystems in some areas can be completely destroyed. with the animals destroyed as well. Severe rain can cause flooding that causes deaths and destroys buildings. Trees can be uprooted or severly damaged. Plants are washed away in floods from their natural environment. Erosion can cause large areas of sand, silt and mud to be displaced and rerouted into streams creating build up and channels. Injuries and deaths can also happen when buildings collapse on people or by flying debris. Early warnings and planning can give people time to prepare.

STORMS SEVERE WEATHE R Storms can happen in any location on the planet, although the mid-latitudes is the ususal place, with the moisture and warmer air coming from the tropics intermingling with the colder air from the poles. These formations of thunderstorms can turn into severe inclement weather with straight line winds, tornadoes and hail, which damage so much property and displace animals and people. in to cool and forms clouds, vapor will start to change into precipitation or ice. This will cause the pressure within the storm to lessen and the rain will also cause the higher colder air to "downdraft " causing colder winds with thunderstorms (Britannica, 2023). The supercell thunderstorm are extremely strong and do the most damage with cyclonic behavior when there are two upward air masses that have a temperature difference and humidity difference, the air will become unstable and inclement weather can start to form. This is a front that is forming, or it can be another type of system forming. Warm air moving upward will begin to create continuous updrafts that spin. Hurricanes come from the sub-tropics and the tropics where the warmer air is, the east and west blowing that comes from the trade winds about twenty-four degrees south and north of the equator and can cause a lot of severe rainfall. The wind veers to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere, this is the "Coriolis effect." Usually, summer will produce single cell storms that usually do not linger very long, this weaker storm will generally have heavy rain and some thunderstorms with lightening, where= as, multi cell storms occur with updrafts and are an accumulation of single cell storms, this type of storm will last longer and can create thunderstorms with lightening, hail and flooding in certain areas with very strong winds (NOAA, 2023). There can be help in severe weather with disaster relief funds and emergency assistance already in place. The population can be educated on how to decrease risk in injury and death through information readily available to the public. This can greatly cause a reduction on impacts occuring with our environment, destuction and loss of life.

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Northern & Southern Poles There is less heat at the Northern Poles at ninety degrees North, and this affects the wind circulation. The earth's movement is slower at the Poles, a high-pressure system will cause cold air to form close to the ground and become denser as its move toward low latitudes, around sixty degrees and lower, and begins to intermingle, as it moves to the right in an Easterly direction (Coriolis effect) with the tropical warm circulation, this is called a low-pressure system, this is when the warmer air moves upward into the atmosphere. The Southern Pole receives more heat at ninety degrees South because of being closer to the equator with a faster rotation and this affects the wind circulation. The denseness of the circulating air is less and this causes the air to be warmer and able to rise up in the atmosphere. This air moves in a left direction (Coriolis Effect) (Southern New Hampshire University, n.d.).

HADLEY CIRCULATION Hadley wind circulation is always flowing at lower latitude circulations. Because of solar radiation around the equator, the air rises and then the air sinks at around thirty degrees latitude. The Hadley circulation works with the Polar circulation in moving warmer air from the equator to the Poles. This wind circulation is the creation of the Tropical trade winds, it moves from the "Tropics to the Sub- Tropics" at about thirty to forty degrees latitude in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere, this zone can also vary and shift around since is does follow the Sun. There is heavy precipitation and major storms, from nearly no wind to major changes in the wind speed. This helps to create Cyclonic behavior and varied patterns of weather in this lower pressure area (Southern New Hampshire University,n.d.).

POLAR CIRCULATION This circulation is very important in forming the Polar vortex. The vortex is a circulation of cyclonic behavior that happens in the cold months of the year and affects the Antarctic and Artic environments. At approximately north and south at sixty degrees latitude, the Polar circulation is considered the weakest circulation in high latitude, this circulation will sink at the Poles and rise with a high pressure at latitudes between fifty and seventy degrees forming a low-pressure area, while mingling with the Hadley circulation, creating less cloudy skies and cool temperatures. This cell moves the cooler air that comes from the Poles into the lower latitudes and mingles with the Ferrell circulation, eventually this Polar circulation will sink again with cooler wind circulation from the Poles that are always nearer the surface and rising usually around sixty degrees latitude. This cell controls a lot of weather in the mid-latitudes, and can create cyclonic behavior with low systems being created on the easterly side of Jet- Streams, with the warm and cooler air rise and mix, inclement and unstable weather occurs (NOAA).

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FERRELL CIRCULATION This circulation flows at approximately thirty to sixty degrees in the north and south hemispheres, and accounts for a meeting of two air masses at a low altitude. With a westerly surface wind that is the from the " Coriolis force" and toward the equator at a higher altitude. With an Easterly air flow that is toward the Poles at a surface level in the North hemisphere and which is opposite direction of the Hadley circulation. Both the Polar and Hadley circulation play a major role in the Ferrell circulation. Warmer air is moved toward the high latitudes and colder air flows toward the Tropics. The Ferrell cell is between the Hadley and Polar circulation and is affected by these two cells with their air mingling and pulling at the Ferrell circulation and accounts for the dominant western winds and which can lead to cyclones in the mid-latitudes. Basically, warmer air is moving at a higher latitude and colder air mass moving toward the Tropics

REFERENCES Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2012, June 19). Icelandic low. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/Icelandic-low Southern New Hampshire University, n.d. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.(28 March 2023). Ocean Circulations.https://www.noaa.gov/jetstream/ocean/circulations Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2023, December 3). cyclone. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/cyclone-meteorology Lindsey, R., (5 March 2021). Climate.gov. Understanding the Arctic Polar Vortex. NOAA. https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/understanding-arctic-polar-vortex National Hurricane Center. (2023). Tropical Cyclone Climatology. NOAA . https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/climo/#:~:text=Tropical%20cyclones%20forming%20between%205%20and%2030%20degrees,near%2030%20degrees %20North%2C%20 National Hurricane Center. (2023). Tropical Cyclone Climatology. NOAA. https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/climo/#:~:text=Tropical%20cyclones%20forming%20between%205%20and%2030%20degrees,n Fema. (2023). Safe guarding Tomorrow. https://www.fema.gov/grants/mitigation/storm-rlf

Figure 1-Internet Geography. (2023). Global atmospheric circulation model. Global Atmospheric Circulation. https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-is-global-amospheric-circulation/ Figure 2 - Surface winds around the globe, as is useful for transoceanic sailing. L and H indicate low and high pressure. (Source: Stull, 2017: Practical Meteorology: An Algebra-based Survey of Atmospheric Science. CC-by-nc-sa.) https://www.eoas.ubc.ca/courses/atsc113/sailing/met_concepts/09-met-winds/9a-global-wind-circulations/ Fiehn, A. (Januaru 2017). Schematic of the Hadley circulation. Abbreviations: TTL-Tropical tropopause layer, ITCZIntertropical convergence zone. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Schematic-of-the-Hadley-circulation-Abbreviations-TTL-Tropical -tropopause-layer_fig1_322886947 Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2023, March 20). intertropical convergence zone. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/intertropical-convergence-zone Gordon, A. L. and Cenedese, . Claudia (2023, November 3). ocean current. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/ocean-current Hall, D,. (2020 August). Currents, Waves and Tides. Smithsonian.https://ocean.si.edu/planet-ocean/tides-currents/currents-waves-and- tides Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2012, June 19). Icelandic low. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/Icelandic-low Southern New Hampshire University, n.d. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.(28 March 2023). Ocean Circulations.https://www.noaa.gov/jetstream/ocean/circulations Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2023, December 3). cyclone. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/cyclone-meteorology Lindsey, R., (5 March 2021). Climate.gov. Understanding the Arctic Polar Vortex. NOAA.

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