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Florida State University *

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207

Subject

Geography

Date

Jan 9, 2024

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pptx

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Uploaded by ChancellorAnteaterPerson886

Atmospheric Global Winds General Circulation

GENERAL CIRCULATION Semi- permanent pressure cells are all over the planet, it varies depending on a region. Heat and latitude influence these cells. inclement weather systems and patterns are controlled by these cells in any given region. The types of High-Low systems influence cyclonic and winter weather. The dominant winds of the mid-latitudes are caused by low and high areas of semi-permanent cells. The name itself explains the not staying forever. The causes of these cells are numerous and include variations in temperatures, the spinning of the Earth, percentages of water and environments (land areas) which can cause variation in the atmospheres pressure which can create more semi-permanent cells in varied areas. These cells are in the atmosphere moving and are usually large systems. The rate of change in weather distance with pressure and humidity influence these systems as well. The Hemisphere that is in the East and west direction has pressure systems with lows and highs. These systems are considered semi-permanent and are related to mountains and jet streams. The surface area around the planet has a pressure belt that is in a moist, warm area called the "equatorial Trough" it is an area with low-pressure and is found at ten degrees north and ten degrees south (Britannica, 2012) Some examples of semi-permanent cells are: The ocean and in the "North Pacific" experiences "Aleutian low-pressure system" which causes considerable rain in the region of the "Pacific Northwest (Cascadia) and Alaska". The Icelandic low" system in the ocean of the North Atlantic, causes the Iceland and territories to experience major precipitation. The "Bermuda High" pressure system creates hot and humid climate in the region of the southeastern US (Britannica, 2012).

WIND & PRESSURE IN THE TROPOSPHERE The gravitational force of the planet is very important to the atmosphere, the air pressure is created by gravity compression within the atmosphere. Although the pressure does not work alone, it also takes the gradient force, which is caused by an imbalanced of heating on the planet from solar radiation, which is directed toward the equator. This extra heating within a lower latitude, means the Poles are a lot colder and the barometric pressure is higher . Warmer air has a less density with lower pressure. These complete opposites in the pressure is what causes wind to be constantly moving between the low and high pressure. The atmospheric "jet stream"which moves wesrterly and easterly in the troposphere is created by imbalanced temperatures within the atmosphere, the "jet stream" creates and moves the weather in various degrees, can create extreme storms. The spinning of the Earth causes the Coriolis force, it veers the wind off from a normal path into upper and lower pressure within the "northern hemisphere" and as the Friction increases, the speed of the wind slows down, as it will also go in a completely different direction than motion, the balance between the two is the "geostrophic wind" (Britannica, 2023).

OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE INTERACTIONS Coastal weather and climates are determined by current of the oceans because, heat is moved from the currents within the ocean from the poles to the equator. Patterns in circular spiral movements within an ocean's currents are particular to that ocean, each ocean has its own unique movement in the currents. Dominate surface winds create motions in the oceans, these dominate winds are like the circulations of the planet's atmospheric winds. Some oceans will move heat from lower latitudes into much higher latitudes. Wind in the atmosphere is much faster than the currents in water, which is at a slower speed because of friction. Friction creates the currents in the oceans, this happens as wind moves over the water surface. There is a unique transfer of energy from solar radiation between oceans and other bodies of water, land areas, and in the atmosphere of Earth (Smithsonian, 2020). Western moving wind is very important to ocean currents that are on the surface, as are the "Trade Winds" going toward the East, it is generally West to East and East to West. Water is also important. The weight of water can be measured as, "per its unit volume" So, cold water is denser and heavier as is water with a lot of salt. When water is cold and salty it tends to sink lower and push water up from the bottom and this in turn creates currents. Any movement of water within the body, whether it is up or down will create currents. There is a global wind system that controls the world's oceans and there is also winds that are local that affect currents at the coast. (Britannica 2023). Wind veers because the planet spins, this is the "Coriolis effect" going into the North Hemisphere to the right and left into the South hemisphere, this creates uneven paths of wind in the troposphere. Water will eventually build up in a direction that the wind is moving on a global level and will veer the currents at the surface to the north hemisphere taking a right and a left in the south hemisphere just like the atmosphere winds. The currents in the ocean become circles called "gyres" moving in opposite directions with the right moving in a spiral clockwise and the left will be a spiral moving counter-clockwise, moving along the equator going north and also, south. There are deep layers in the oceans that are affected by the movement of the surface water currents created by winds that occur as water is being pushed underneath by shallow water, and in turn each deep layer of water is moving much slower than the layer above it. Eventually this stops at approximately three hundred feet. Once again, the "Coriolis effect veers the deeper water to the north hemisphere going right and left into the southern hemisphere, so the depth of the layer of water determines how fast or slow it spirals and will be moving in the opposite direction the water at the surface is (NOAA).

STORMS LIFE CYCLE A big mass of air will begin to spiral in a low- pressure atmosphere counter- clockwise in the mid-latitudes and will develop during colder seasons, although sometimes a development can occur in early summer months. It can be extremely massive in size at approximately one thousand miles wide, I would call this a monster storm. The development begins at approximately thirty degrees to fifty degrees latitude with two air masses that oppose one another, this is called a weather front or can be called a boundary. These air masses have different levels of humidity and temperatures, rotating air higher up in the atmosphere begins a formation because of opposing pressure differences. A flow in the air begins to form, the two opposing fronts begin to intermingle and generate early cyclonic behavior. At this stage precipitation sets in because of the intermingling of cold and warmer air and with an area of low- pressure setting in. The warmer air will cause the cyclone to reach another level in growing because "warmer air replaces the colder front" (NOAA, 2023) because the warm air is forced upward by the steep of the colder front. The center of this maturing cyclone is where the lowest pressure will be with wind speeds that have grown stronger several miles above the ground. Warm air in the front is not as dense as the colder front beyond it and will rise above the colder air. The cold dense air merges with the warmer front and this further developes the shape or organization of the cyclone. A "loop" has already formed by this stage and eventually the surrounding of warm air that is a pocket of low pressure will close off and the moist warm air is stopped from uplifting, causing a period of stabilization. These mid-latitude cyclonic storms can be extremely destructive, ecosystems in some areas can be completely destroyed. with the animals destroyed as well. Severe rain can cause flooding that causes deaths and destroys buildings. Trees can be uprooted or severly damaged. Plants are washed away in floods from their natural environment. Erosion can cause large areas of sand, silt and mud to be displaced and rerouted into streams creating build up and channels. Injuries and deaths can also happen when buildings collapse on people or by flying debris. Early warnings and planning can give people time to prepare.

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