exam 1 dino

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Geology

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Feb 20, 2024

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GLY 1102 Exam 1 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3tieqs 1. The short half-life of carbon-14 limits the use of this technique to generally dating materials less than ____ years old. 50,000-60,000 2. Radiometric age dating techniques were used to es- tablish the relative geologic time scale. false 3. _____ refers to the number of protons of an atom atomic number 4. The _____ is a product of placing rocks in their proper sequence of formation to create a composite record of geological events. relative geologic time scale 5. The principle which states that "strata extend in all directions until they thin against the edges of the basins they accumulated in" is the principle of _____. original lateral continuity 6. The basic rock unit defined on the basis of distinctive and easily recognized characteristics is a _____. formation 7. The original continuity of strata in a basin can be bro- ken. A river can carve a canyon into a basin leaving once continuous layers stranded on opposite sides of the canyon. According to the principle of lateral continuity, these opposite sides of the valley were once laterally continuous. true 8. Radiometric age dating, the basis of the establish- ment of the absolute geologic time scale, was not possible until after the discovery of radioactivity in the 20th century. false 9. _____ is the sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of the atom. atomic mass 10. Disturbed rocks or strata are _____ those rocks that disturb them or cut through them. older than 11. An isotope is a species of the same element with the same mass and different atomic number. false 1 / 37
GLY 1102 Exam 1 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3tieqs 12. Which of the following is not a geological period in the Mesozoic Era? Cambrian 13. The principle which states that "disturbed rocks or strata are older than those rocks that cut or disturb them" is the principle of _____. cross-cutting rela- tionships 14. The principle which states that "in layered rocks (or strata) the oldest rocks are at the bottom and the younger layers are on top" is the principle of _____. superposition 15. Particles that settle under the influence of gravity settle to more nearly vertical layers. false 16. Based upon physical characteristics alone (not fossil characteristics), which type of hiatus would be most difficult to identify? disconformity 17. Radioactive decay is the spontaneous nuclear disin- tegration of isotopes at _____ rates. constant 18. In a succession of strata, fossil species succeed one another in a definite and recognizable order. true 19. History is a sequence of events placed in proper chronological order. true 20. Which of the following is the oldest? Lower Cretaceous 21. Which of the following is not a type of unconformity? superconformity 22. A horizon between rocks or sediments with distinctly different ages is called a _____. hiatus 23. In a succession of strata, fossil species succeed one another in a definite and recognizable order. This or- der of appearances and disappearances is largely the consequence of _____. all of these (the appearance of new species, oranic evoluton, 2 / 37
GLY 1102 Exam 1 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3tieqs the extinction of other species) 24. This type of unconformity separates horizontal sedi- mentary rocks above and below the unconformity. disconformity 25. Water expands by 25% when it freezes. false 26. _____ weathering processes are those physical processes that cause rock to break or disintegrate into smaller and smaller fragments. mechanical 27. Chemical weathering produces clay minerals, various ions in solutions, and soluble compounds. true 28. Acids produced by decaying plant material and the organisms feeding on it help dissolve cements and rocks (e.g., limestone) true 29. Oxidation refers to reactions with _____ that form oxides. oxygen 30. The process by which rocks and minerals at the sur- face of the Earth are broken down into smaller rocks and eventually into soils is collectively referred to as the processes of _____. weathering 31. Most rocks exhibit systems of joints which run per- pendicular to bedding planes or the surface true 32. Calcite, the major constituent of limestone, is soluble in acidic water. true 33. Running water, wind, and glaciers transport weath- ered products elsewhere, where they are deposited to form sediments and later become _____ as sedi- mentary rocks. lithified 34. Weathering and erosion produce sediments that later form _____ sedimentary rocks. detrital or terrige- nous 3 / 37
GLY 1102 Exam 1 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3tieqs 35. Mechanical weathering dominates over chemical weathering in warm climates. false 36. Slabs of rock, slip, slide, or break off large rock mass- es along concentric joints in a process called _____. exfoliation 37. _____ is the reaction between hydrogen ions and hydroxyl ions of water and a mineral's ions. hydrolysis 38. Clay and quartz are common products of long-term weathering. true 39. Hydrolysis is the major agent of weathering in cool climates. false 40. Oxidation of iron in soils and rocks causes an in- crease in reddish color. true 41. The concentration of _____ ions in a solution de- termines the acidity so the greater concentration of these ions, the greater the acidity. hydrogen 42. Solution is a major chemical weathering process in regions with large exposures of _____. limestones 43. Which of the following is not a cause of mechanical weathering? oxidation 44. Joints are always pathways for mechanical and chemical weathering and over time can even deter- mine the location of river and drainage systems. true 45. _____ sedimentary rocks are formed from the ac- cumulation of minerals and rock fragments eroded from pre-existing rocks (metamorphic, sedimentary, or igneous) or their weathered by-products. detrital or terrige- nous 46. Peat is brownish, soft, spongy and is composed al- most entirely of recognizable peat remains. Burial true 4 / 37
GLY 1102 Exam 1 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3tieqs of peat decreases its water content and gradually changes it to coal. 47. Lithostatic pressure is the pressure resulting from the weight of the overlying rocks. true 48. _____ is a biochemical sedimentary rock composed of combustible material derived from the partial de- composition of plants. coal 49. Which of the following is a poorly-sorted detrital sed- imentary rock? a conglomerate 50. A _____ limestone is composed to a large extent by the skeletal remains of invertebrate fossils (corals, sponges, bryozoans, pelecypods, echinoids, etc.) bioclastic 51. Most checmical sedimentary rocks form from pre- cipitation from solution in fresh water (lakes, rivers, caves, springs) or in the sea. true 52. Sorting refers to the range of _____ in a clastic sedi- ment or sedimentary rock. particle size sepa- ration 53. Chert has a _____ fracture pattern, making it easy to work into tools and projectiles (arrowheads, scrap- ers, etc.) concoidal 54. _____ is a soft chemical sedimentary rock com- posed almost entirely of the calcium carbonate skele- tons of microscopic marine phytoplankton (coccol- ithophores). chalk 55. _____ is an important process in lithification causing a reduction in the pore spaces between unconsoli- dated grains in the sediment. compaction 56. _____ is a detrital sedimentary rock formed by ce- mentation of individual grains ranging in size from 1/16 to 2 mm. siltstone 5 / 37
GLY 1102 Exam 1 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3tieqs 57. The White Cliffs of Dover are composed of this type of sedimentary rock made up of the calcium carbonate skeletal remains of microscopic marine algae. chalk 58. _____ are sedimentary rocks formed of minerals that were precipitated from solution with evaporation of the liquid they were dissolved in. evaporites 59. This process is important in lithification causing a reduction in the pore space between unconsolidated grains in the sediment. compaction 60. The most commonly used grain size scale in use is the _____ Scale that divides particle size (e.g. clay, silt, sand, gravel) by a specific size range in millime- ters (e.g. clay is less than 1/256 mm). Wentworth 61. A conglomerate is composed predominantly of rounded to subrounded clasts, a significant propor- tion being gravel size (>2mm) true 62. Claystones do not exhibit fissility but break into blocky masses. true 63. The _____ of a particle is the degree to which the shape of the particle approaches the form of a sphere. sphericity 64. Conglomerates and breccias are distinguished from each other on the basis of _____ their coarse frag- ments are. how rounded or angular 65. Sedimentary rocks have two types of texture: clastic (or detrital) and non-clastic (crystalline). true 66. The degree of sorting reflects: the degree of mechani- cal and chemical weathering producing the sediment, the transportation process, and post-depositional processes that may alter the sediment grain-size dis- tribution. true 6 / 37
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