1122 Lab 3(Surface Water)

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Georgia State University *

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1122

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Geology

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Feb 20, 2024

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docx

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Name: TA: Lab 3- Surface Water GEOL 1122 Before answering the questions for each section, make sure you have watched the video(s). After you have completed this worksheet, save it and upload it to the assignment folder for Lab 3 in iCollege. Please use your own words to answer the questions, and include as much detail as possible . Lab Objectives At the end of this lab, students should be able to:  Understand “where is water found and how much is there?” on a global scale  Name and explain major reservoirs and fluxes in the hydrologic cycle  Know the distinguishing features of wetlands and ponds/lakes  Understand how river velocity and sediment transportation capacity changes along a river network and why this changes.  Understand the importance of urban stormwater infrastructure and how it relates to social and environmental justice or the lack thereof Part 1: Introduction To answer these questions, first watch the “Lab 3, Part 1: Introduction” video on iCollege. Please answer the questions in your own words. 1) Hypothesize a process by which water from the ocean moves to the land surface. Please give a detailed answer with your reasoning fully explained. (4 pts) I hypothesize that water from the ocean moves to the lands surface through the water cycle. This is because when water from the ocean evaporates to the clouds and then the clouds move the water that the clouds now hold from the ocean then falls onto land surface when it rains. 2) Pick three of the fluxes listed on the right side of this slide. For each of the three fluxes you pick, please search the internet to explain the process, in addition to naming the two reservoirs involved. In other words, your answer needs to include the starting and ending reservoirs for this process . (4 pts) 1. Precipitation: Precipitation happens when water vapor forms into water droplets due to condensation. Two reservoirs- Atmosphere to ocean 2. Evaporation – When water turns from a liquid to a gas. Two reservoirs- Lake to the atmosphere 3. Infiltration: Rain water soaks into the ground. Two reservoirs- Lake to the soil 3) Use the internet to find a lake or wetland in the state of Georgia. Please write a thoughtful, well-developed paragraph (of at least five sentences) describing this lake or wetland. Important things to include are: (1) How and when did this feature form? (2)

What organisms use this feature as a habitat? (3) what social, historical, or economic functions does this feature serve? (6 pts) A very well-known lake in Georgia is Lake Lanier which is located 60 miles outside of Atlanta in North Georgia. This lake formed in 1956 after the creation of the Buford Dam on the Chattahoochee River. Some feature organisms that live in Lake Lanier are spotted bass, Stripped bass, Bluegill, and many more. This feature serves many functions, two of which is being a natural source of water and hydroelectricity for Atlanta. 4) Please answer whether or not you think you live within a watershed (please explain your reasoning ). (2 pts) I don’t believe that I live in a watershed because I don’t live by any bodies of water. 5) Please hypothesize whether or not it is possible for a piece of land to be part of more than one watershed simultaneously (fully explain your reasoning). (4 pts) I hypothesize that it is possible for one piece of land to be part of more than one watershed simultaneously. I think this because since watersheds have no boundaries when the water runs downhill the topography then defines where the runoff waters boundary is. Part 2: Why Do Rivers Curve? Watch the linked YouTube video “Why do Rivers Curve” in its entirety to answer these questions in your own words . 6) According to the video, how are mountain streams different from rivers and streams that run through plains? (4 pts) Mountain streams are different from rivers and stream that run through plains because they are driven by gravity. 7) Explain the process by which streams/rivers running through flat areas begin to curve. Please use as much detail as possible, and make sure to include the role that water velocity plays (i.e., make sure to describe how water velocity is different in different parts of the stream/river). (4 pts) It takes time for streams/rivers that run through flat areas begin to curve. This is due to erosion when constant movement of water against the banks of a river or stream loosens the surrounding dirt widening and changing the trajectory of the river/stream. 8) What is the relationship between the width of a stream/river and the distance between consecutive meanders? If the width of a stream is 3 meters, what is the expected length of one S-shaped meander in this stream (explain how this was calculated)? (4 pts) The length would be 6 times the width of the width between consecutive menders. For the s- shaped mender the length would be 18m.

9) Explain the formation of an oxbow lake in as much detail as possible. (4 pts) An oxbow lake forms when a river becomes curvier and it runs into one another. This then leads to the river forming a straight path that leaves behind a crescent shape. Part 3: Streamflow Watch the linked YouTube video “Streamflow” in its entirety to answer these questions in your own words. 10) Please define the following terms: headwaters, tributary, main channel, and delta/mouth. (4 pts) - Headwaters- source of a stream - Tributary- a stream or river flowing into a larger body of water like a river or lake - Mian Channel- a channel that has an average flow of water - Delta/Mouth- This is the end of the stream 11) Please explain how sediment grain size changes from the headwaters to the mouth of a river system. Make sure to include how water velocity is involved with this. (4 pts) The grain size changes from boulders, pebbles, gravel, sand, then finally silt. The flow velocity can change daily or seasonally which leads to different grain sizes being moved and eroded at different times. 12) Pause the video at the Hjulstrom Diagram presented at 3:54 and predict what will happen (at a flow velocity of 1 cm/second) for clay, silt, sand, and gravel (i.e., whether each of these will be transported, eroded, or deposited, or a combination). (4 pts) Gravel and sand would not move at that speed because it requires more speed. However, clay and silt would move towards the middle of the stream. 13) List the reasons given in the video for why stream velocity generally increases with distance downstream (4 pts) It increases because the channel size increases and the roughness of the channel decreases. 14) First, give the definition of a hydrograph. (Note that while this video shows a period of months on the x-axis, hydrographs can be generated for any time period.) The graph below shows a hydrograph for a single storm event at Snapfinger Creek near Decatur, Georgia. The x-axis represents minutes since the start of the storm event. The y-axis represents discharge in units of cubic feet per second (although not metric, this is a unit for streamflow commonly used by the US Geological Survey). Using the diagram, locate peak discharge on this hydrograph and estimate the approximate magnitude (amount) of this discharge, as well as the approximate minute since the start of the storm event that this peak discharge occurred. (4 pts)

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