GEOL+113++Study+Guide+EXAM+3+S20

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Wilmington University *

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113

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Geology

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Oct 30, 2023

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docx

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GEOL 113 S20 EXAM 3 Weather Factors – Weather project parts 1 and 2 Basically this is about the different factors that can determine the weather and climate for a given location. This includes latitude (primary) and location on a marine coast vs interior continent, as well as factors like elevation and proximity to mountains and clouds and seasonal change.  How does weather vary seasonally?  How does climate/weather vary due to different latitudes?  How does climate/weather vary at the same latitude but different locations with respect to large water bodies like the ocean?  How about the effect of elevation or mountains or even cloudy days? Geologic Time and Age Dating – 1 lecture and 1 lab The main question is how do we know when events occurred? How do we date these events? We looked at two methods: Relative and Numerical Age Dating  Principles of Relative Age Dating - know these and how to use them to put events in their proper relative sequence  Unconformities (what are they?) Don’t need to know 3 types  Fossils, fossil assemblages, and fossil ranges - how use to determine age of layers?  Correlation – and why are fossils so critical for correlation  Radioactive decay, isotopes, and the half-life  How isotope half-lives are used to date materials  Could you solve a half life problem like the one in lab or the powerpoint questions?  The Geologic Time Scale (Know the sequence of the major time periods – the Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic  What is the age of the Earth based on radiometric age dating? Plate Tectonics 1.5 Lectures Earth Structure – go back to Ch 2.6 (up to but not including life on Earth bit) The Earth, like all the planets, has compositional layers that formed early in its history as the solar nebula material separated out (differentiated) by density.  What are the 3 compositional layers of the Earth?  Can you describe each – is the layer made of rock or metal?  If metal, what composition and is it solid or liquid or a mixture or a layer of each?  If rock, is it solid or liquid or a mixture or a layer of each? Read Plate Tectonics Ch 4 – especially 4.1 and 4.4 to end of chapter. The Earth is still quite hot inside and so has a lot of heat energy. This internal heat energy drives a lot of tectonic processes including plate tectonics, volcanism, and faulting/earthquakes. The heat distribution also has led to layers of the Earth with different strengths (rheology ).

 The outermost strength layer of the Earth is cold, strong, and rigid (hard). What is it called?  Below that is a layer that is hot, weak, and ductile (“soft” – it is a solid than can flow) What is it called?  The lithosphere is made up of the Earth’s rigid crust and the uppermost coldest, most rigid mantle – the crust and uppermost mantle are stuck together and function as a single unit – this layer is broken into pieces called “plates”. Plate Tectonic Theory . Know that plate tectonics is a working model (theory) that is based on three fundamental principles: o The Earth has a rigid outer layer called the lithosphere. o the lithosphere is broken into a series of 12-20 or so individual lithospheric plates o these plates are in motion horizontally with respect to one another and with respect to the underlying lower mantle. o plates are internally rigid and the interaction of two plates at a plate boundary is responsible for most earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain ranges, and other tectonic features and geologic hazards. Plate Boundaries . Know basic info about each of the 3 types of plate boundaries – direction of motion, typical features (like mid-oceanic ridges and trenches), are there earthquakes? Small or large or great? Are there volcanoes? Explosive or not explosive? Do the processes at a given boundary form mountain ranges? Ocean basins? Trenches? • Know these tectonic processes and settings: Divergent: sea-floor spreading and mid-oceanic ridges, Divergent: continental rifting and continental rifts. Transform: transform faults Convergent: subduction and subduction zones, Convergent: continental collision and collisional mountain belts, • Know a geographic locality for each of the types of plate boundaries listed above Earthquakes 1 Lectures Read Earthquakes Ch 5 • What causes earthquakes? What is a fault? • How does elastic rebound theory explain the behavior of faults and the energy released during an earthquake? • Know that most of the world's EQs occur at boundaries between lithospheric plates – they happen because there is compression, extension, or shear movement along faults • Which plate tectonic setting has the biggest earthquakes? Why? • Know the difference in location between the epicenter and the focus of an earthquake. • What is the number one hazard that kills people in an earthquake? • Know about P-waves, S-waves, and surface waves – waves produced by energy release. • Which kind of waves does the most damage and why? • How do we measure the size of an earthquake? • Know about the Intensity scale and the Moment Magnitude scale

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