ERSC1P92 Assignment 3
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Brock University *
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1P92
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Geology
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Dec 6, 2023
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1 ERSC 1P92 –EXTREME EARTH – ASSIGNMENT 3 ASSIGNMENT DUE BY Wednesday, December 6th, 11:59 PM Preamble:
In this assignment we pull together material covered in Modules 3, 4 and 5 (and to some extent also Module 2!). Please answer all questions before entering your answers in the Questions tool in Brightspace. Points per question are given in brackets (x). Work through the assignment, then, when you have it complete, go to the Quizzes
tool in Brightspace to enter your answers and submit the assignment. Rules and guidelines for assignments are in your course syllabus
. As always with online tools, save your work frequently while entering answers. Interpretation of Earthquakes, Volcanoes and Plate tectonic movement on Tralfamadore. Introduction
Earthquakes and volcanoes not only cause disasters on Earth, they also provide valuable information about the structure of the Earth, particularly its crust. Earthquakes occur most commonly along plate margins, as we saw in the section on the distribution of earthquakes. In fact, the distribution of earthquakes can be used to distinguish divergent and transform plate boundaries from convergent plate boundaries. Some types of volcanoes develop along plate margins and other types form in settings that are well way from plate margins. In this assignment you will use the distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes on the fictitious planet of Tralfamadore (a place created by the late American author Kurt Vonnegut in his novel “Slaughterhouse Five; or, The Children's Crusade: A Duty-Dance with Death”). The purpose of the assignment is to give you the opportunity to determine the location of tectonic plate boundaries and other features that have been discussed in this course (most from Modules 3, 4 and 5 but one feature comes from Module 2). In addition to this document you will need to download the Assignment 3 map and the Assignment 3 Tutorial. The map shows: 1)
the distribution of land masses on Tralfamadore that are surrounded by an ocean, 2)
the location where volcanoes occur, and 3)
where earthquakes have taken place on the planet. 4)
Feature reference numbers, Volcano Reference letters, Plate tectonic movement direction roman numerals (for use in assignment questions) You should review the Module material on the distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes in order to interpret the data on the map provided. The Assignment 3 Tutorial provides crucial
2 information and advice on how to go about completing the assignment. You are strongly encouraged to review the tutorial before completing the assignment. REMINDER! Please answer all questions before entering your answers in the Quizzes tool
Instructions
QUESTION 1: Submit a copy of the Tralfamadore map to the Quizzes tool,
on which you have added the information outlined below. The completed copy of the MAP must be upload as a PDF copy. (ONLY a PDF, no word file, no pages files, anything other than a PDF will be awarded 0 (zero) marks) • The map is available in JPG format (and PDF format) that you can download to any software that will allow you to add coloured lines and text to the image and then save it for submission through Brightspace • If you cannot annotate the map digitally you can print it out and add the required information with coloured pencils and then scan or photograph your work and save as a PDF and then submit as the completed assignment. HOWEVER – Make sure that the map is legible or it will not be marked! On the map complete each of the following:
3 PART I
Sketch the location of all plate boundaries that can be identified on the basis of the distribution of earthquakes: a)
Show any trenches
that you think might be present as continuous RED lines
. (5 points) b)
Show any oceanic ridges
that you think might be present as continuous BLACK lines
. (5 points) c)
Show the location of any transform faults
that you think might be present as continuous GREEN lines
. (5 points) Note: Be very precise in the placement of your lines for these tectonic boundaries. PART II
Based on the pattern of depth of earthquakes:
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4 a)
Identify where subduction is taking place on the map at the steepest angle from the horizontal
(label this location with an arrow and with the letter “
A
”). (2 points) b)
Identify where subduction is taking place on the map at the lowest angle from the horizontal
(label this location with an arrow and with the letter “
B
”). (2 points) c)
Can you recognize any location where there may be a “
seismic gap
”? If you think that there is one label this location with an arrow and with the letter “
C
”. (2 points) Note: Be very precise in the placement of your ‘letters’ – The letter size should be APPROXIMATELY THE SIZE shown above (ie. ~18 pt font) PART III
The following questions (2-27) will refer to the feature reference numbers, volcano reference letters and Plate tectonic movement direction reference roman numerals posted on the Tralfamadore map. For ease of recognition and reference, each number/ letter/ roman numerals has been provided on a separate map as well. ANSWERS for these questions must be entered in the ‘Quizzes’ tool in Brightspace. The following questions (2 to 7) refer to ‘’Feature reference numbers
” Ie. .
1
5 QUESTION 2 The feature marked ‘’
1
”’ on the Tralfamadore map could most reasonably be described as the following: (1 mk) A)
Himalaya type mountains (continental/continental crust collision) B)
Andes type mountains (continental/oceanic crust collision) C)
Island arcs (oceanic/oceanic crust collision) D)
Continental rift valley (divergent boundary within a continent) E)
Area tectonically similar to San Andreas Fault, California (transform fault cutting continent) F)
Area Tectonically similar to Hawaii (Volcanic Island chain within plate, aligned with plate movement) G)
Area Tectonically similar to Iceland (Volcanic Island on divergent boundary) H)
A record of a large meteorite impact event
6 QUESTION 3 The feature marked ‘’
2
”’ on the Tralfamadore map could most reasonably be described as the following: (1 mk) A)
Himalaya type mountains (continental/continental crust collision) B)
Andes type mountains (continental/oceanic crust collision) C)
Island arcs (oceanic/oceanic crust collision) D)
Continental rift valley (divergent boundary within a continent) E)
Area tectonically similar to San Andreas Fault, California (transform fault cutting continent) F)
Area Tectonically similar to Hawaii (Volcanic Island chain within plate, aligned with plate movement) G)
Area Tectonically similar to Iceland (Volcanic Island on divergent boundary) H)
A record of a large meteorite impact event QUESTION 4 The feature marked ‘’
3
”’ on the Tralfamadore map could most reasonably be described as the following: (1 mk) A)
Himalaya type mountains (continental/continental crust collision) B)
Andes type mountains (continental/oceanic crust collision) C)
Island arcs (oceanic/oceanic crust collision) D)
Continental rift valley (divergent boundary within a continent) E)
Area tectonically similar to San Andreas Fault, California (transform fault cutting continent) F)
Area Tectonically similar to Hawaii (Volcanic Island chain within plate, aligned with plate movement) G)
Area Tectonically similar to Iceland (Volcanic Island on divergent boundary) H)
A record of a large meteorite impact event QUESTION 5 The feature marked ‘’
4
”’ on the Tralfamadore map could most reasonably be described as the following: (1 mk) A)
Himalaya type mountains (continental/continental crust collision) B)
Andes type mountains (continental/oceanic crust collision) C)
Island arcs (oceanic/oceanic crust collision) D)
Continental rift valley (divergent boundary within a continent) E)
Area tectonically similar to San Andreas Fault, California (transform fault cutting continent) F)
Area Tectonically similar to Hawaii (Volcanic Island chain within plate, aligned with plate movement) G)
Area Tectonically similar to Iceland (Volcanic Island on divergent boundary) H)
A record of a large meteorite impact event
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7 QUESTION 6 The feature marked ‘’
5
”’ on the Tralfamadore could most reasonably be described as the following: (1 mk) A)
Himalaya type mountains (continental/continental crust collision) B)
Andes type mountains (continental/oceanic crust collision) C)
Island arcs (oceanic/oceanic crust collision) D)
Continental rift valley (divergent boundary within a continent) E)
Area tectonically similar to San Andreas Fault, California (transform fault cutting continent) F)
Area Tectonically similar to Hawaii (Volcanic Island chain within plate, aligned with plate movement) G)
Area Tectonically similar to Iceland (Volcanic Island on divergent boundary) H)
A record of a large meteorite impact event QUESTION 7 The feature marked ‘’
6
”’ on the Tralfamadore map could most reasonably be described as the following: (1 mk) A)
Himalaya type mountains (continental/continental crust collision) B)
Andes type mountains (continental/oceanic crust collision) C)
Island arcs (oceanic/oceanic crust collision) D)
Continental rift valley (divergent boundary within a continent) E)
Area tectonically similar to San Andreas Fault, California (transform fault cutting continent) F)
Area Tectonically similar to Hawaii (Volcanic Island chain within plate, aligned with plate movement) G)
Area Tectonically similar to Iceland (Volcanic Island on divergent boundary) H)
A record of a large meteorite impact event The following questions (8 to 13) refer to ‘’Volcano reference letters” Ie U
8 QUESTION 8
The volcano marked ‘’
U
”’ on the Tralfamadore map could most reasonably be described as the following: (1 mk) A)
Predominantly Basaltic magma composition B)
Predominantly Andesitic magma composition C)
Predominantly Granitic magma composition D)
A volcano is unlikely to be found at this locality QUESTION 9
The volcano marked ‘’
V
”’ on the Tralfamadore map could most reasonably be described as the following: (1 mk) A)
Predominantly Basaltic magma composition B)
Predominantly Andesitic magma composition C)
Predominantly Granitic magma composition D)
A volcano is unlikely to be found at this locality
9 QUESTION 10
The volcano marked ‘
’W
”’ on the Tralfamadore map could most reasonably be described as the following: (1 mk) A)
Predominantly Basaltic magma composition B)
Predominantly Andesitic magma composition C)
Predominantly Granitic magma composition D)
A volcano is unlikely to be found at this locality QUESTION 11
The volcano marked ‘’
X
”’ on the Tralfamadore map could most reasonably be described as the following: (1 mk) A)
Predominantly Basaltic magma composition B)
Predominantly Andesitic magma composition C)
Predominantly Granitic magma composition D)
A volcano is unlikely to be found at this locality QUESTION 12
The volcano marked ‘’
Y
”’ on the Tralfamadore map could most reasonably be described as the following: (1 mk) A)
Predominantly Basaltic magma composition B)
Predominantly Andesitic magma composition C)
Predominantly Granitic magma composition D)
A volcano is unlikely to be found at this locality QUESTION 13
The volcano marked ‘’
Z
”’ on the Tralfamadore map could most reasonably be described as the following: (1 mk) A)
Predominantly Basaltic magma composition B)
Predominantly Andesitic magma composition C)
Predominantly Granitic magma composition D)
A volcano is unlikely to be found at this locality The following questions (14 to 20) refer to ‘’Plate tectonic movement direction reference roman numeral
” Ie i
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10 QUESTION 14 The roman numeral marked ‘
’i”
’ on the Tralfamadore map would represent Plate tectonic movement in the following direction (if drawn on the map at the location of ‘i’
): (1 mk) A)
↑ B)
↓ C)
← D)
→ E)
↖ F)
↗ G)
↘
11 H)
↙ QUESTION 15 The roman numeral marked ‘
’ii
”’ on the Tralfamadore map would represent Plate tectonic movement in the following direction (if drawn on the map at the location of ‘ii’): (1 mk) A)
↑ B)
↓ C)
← D
)→ E)
↖ F)
↗ G)
↘ H)
↙ QUESTION 16 The roman numeral marked ‘’
iii
”’ on the Tralfamadore map would represent Plate tectonic movement in the following direction (if drawn on the map at the location of ‘iii’): (1 mk) A)
↑ B)
↓ C)
← D)
→ E)
↖ F)
↗ G)
↘ H)
↙ QUESTION 17 The roman numeral marked ‘’
iv
”’ on the Tralfamadore map would represent Plate tectonic movement in the following direction (if drawn on the map at the location of ‘iv’): (1 mk)
12 A)
↑ B)
↓ C)
← D)
→ E)
↖ F)
↗ G)
↘ H)
↙ QUESTION 18 The roman numeral marked ‘
’v
”’ on the Tralfamadore map would represent Plate tectonic movement in the following direction (if drawn on the map at the location of ‘v’): (1 mk) A)
↑ B)
↓ C)
← D)
→ E)
↖ F)
↗ G)
↘ H)
↙ QUESTION 19 The roman numeral marked ‘’
vi
”’ on the Tralfamadore map would represent Plate tectonic movement in the following direction (if drawn on the map at the location of ‘vi’): (1 mk) A)
↑ B)
↓ C)
← D)
→
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13 E)
↖ F)
↗ G)
↘ H)
↙ QUESTION 20 The roman numeral marked ‘’
vii
”’ on the Tralfamadore map would represent Plate tectonic movement in the following direction (if drawn on the map at the location of ‘vii’): (1 mk) A)
↑ B)
↓ C)
← D)
→ E)
↖ F)
↗ G)
↘ H)
↙ The following questions (21 to 27) refer to features on the Tralfamadore map and information provided in Module 5 QUESTION 21 Which of the volcano localities labelled on the Tralfamadore map would you most TYPICALLY associate with a stratovolcano? (2 mk) (up to 2 answers possible) A)
U B)
V C)
W D)
X E)
Y F)
Z QUESTION 22 Which of the feature localities labelled on the Tralfamadore map would you most TYPICALLY associate with a hotspot? (up to 2 answers possible) ( 2 mk) A)
U
14 B)
V C)
W D)
X E)
Y F)
Z QUESTION 23 Which of the feature localities labelled on the Tralfamadore map would you most TYPICALLY find a ‘’Volcanic Explosive Index (VEI)” of zero (0) ? (1 mk) A)
U B)
V C)
W D)
X E)
Y F)
Z QUESTION 24 Which of the feature localities labelled on the Tralfamadore map would you most TYPICALLY find Pahoehoe? (2 mk) (up to 2 answers possible) A)
U B)
V C)
W D)
X E)
Y F)
Z QUESTION 25 Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the Volcano’s found on the Tralfamadore map? (1 mk) A)
The Basaltic type volcano(s) are high in iron and low in potassium, AND have Temperatures (in degrees Celsius) that range from 1000-1200 B)
The Andesitic type volcano(s) have 55-65% SiO2 AND have an intermediate viscosity C)
The Granitic type volcano(s) are low in iron and high in potassium, AND have a high Gas content D)
The Basaltic type volcano(s) have 45-55% SiO2, AND have low Gas content E)
The Andesitic type volcano(s) have Intermediate magnesium and sodium chemical composition AND have Temperatures (in degrees Celsius) that range from 800 -1000
15 F)
The Granitic type volcano(s) have 65-85% SiO2 AND have Temperatures (in degrees Celsius) that range from 600 - 1200 QUESTION 26 The inhabitants of Tralfamadore are concerned about their health and safety because of the volcanic gases that may be emitted by the various volcanoes in the area depicted on the map provided. Which volcano should they be most concerned about in terms of their direct health and safety? (1 mk) A)
Volcano located at a convergent margin, since it emits the largest proportion of Water vapour which can displace the oxygen we need for respiration. B)
Volcano located at a divergent margin, since it emits the largest proportion of sulphur dioxide which can seep into the soil in high enough amounts to kill trees and small animals C)
Volcano located at a hotspot, since it emits the largest proportion of hydrogen fluoride which can displace the oxygen we need for respiration. D)
Volcano located at a convergent margin, since it emits the largest proportion of Hydrogen chloride which can produce a haze that can last for months and kill livestock. E)
Volcano located at a Divergent margin, since it emits the largest proportion of Hydrogen which can cause an increase in global temperatures as a greenhouse gas. F)
Volcano located at a hotspot, since it emits the largest proportion of Carbon monoxide which is one of the volcanic gasses that can cause the greatest number of fatalities. QUESTION 27 The inhabitants of Tralfamadore are concerned about their future well-being and would like to monitor certain areas more closely. Which area do you suggest they focus their limited resources to monitor for potential future disasters? (1 mk) A)
Location 4 as a Magnitude 12.3 earthquake has occurred here and could very likely occur again. B)
Location “iii” as the direction of plate movement suggests that the plate could continue moving well into the future. C)
Location W as this is a location of a potentially deadly Stratovolcano D)
Location ‘’U’’ as this is potentially the location of a ‘’supervolcano’’ similar to the area near Yellowstone National Park. E)
None of the localities on the Tralfamadore map should be monitored as they present no future danger
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16 Remember! Submit your completed map via the “Quizzes” tool on
the Brightspace site for this course.(Question 1) The completed copy of the MAP must be upload as a PDF copy. (ONLY a PDF, no word file, no pages files, anything other than a PDF will be awarded 0 (zero) marks)
Answer questions 2 to 27 in the “Quizzes’’ tool on the Brightspace site as well. ASSIGNMENT DUE BY Wednesday, December 6th, 11:59 PM