Lab 9 - Structural Geology.docx

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY Part 1: Answer the following short answer questions. Some should be a review of concepts already presented. 1. Draw or upload photos of sketches illustrating the differences between normal, reverse, and strike-slip faulting. Label your drawings. (½ pt) 2. Review Question: Name the three major types of plate boundaries and name specific examples and locations on Earth where they can be found. (½ pt)  Convergent boundaries: where two plates are colliding. The Himalayas are an example of a continent-continent convergent boundary.  Divergent boundaries – where two plates are moving apart. Mid ocean ridges are an example of a divergent boundary.

 Transform boundaries – where plates slide passed each other. An example of a transform boundary is the San Andreas fault. 3 . How do rocks deform differently at different depths? Draw or upload a picture of sketches for part of your explanation. (1 pt) Brittle deformation occurs at a shallow depth because of lower temperature. a differential stress is applied that is greater than the rock's yield strength, the rock fractures (breaks). Ductile Deformation occurs at a greater depth and a higher temperature. enormous lithostatic stress makes it nearly impossible to produce a fracture. but the high temperature makes rock softer, less brittle, more malleable. Rock undergoes plastic deformation when a differential stress is applied that is stronger than its yield strength (stretches) - 4. Explain the difference between brittle and ductile deformation, and give a specific example of each that you might encounter in daily life (doesn’t need to be geology). (½ pt) 2

Ductile deformation occurs at low strain rates, whereas brittle deformation occurs at high strain rates. Glass is an example of brittle deformation that I might encounter daily. Most plastic materials are an example of a ductile deformation that I might encounter. 5. What is the difference between an anticline and syncline? Where are the oldest rocks found in each? Draw a diagram with labels either on google drawing or on paper and upload it here. (½ pt) A syncline is a fold with young layers of rock closer to the center of the structure. Anticline is a type of fold that is an arch-like shape . 6. Give an example of a fold-and-thrust mountain belt and explain the tectonic setting in which they form. (1 pt) An example of a fold and thrust mountain belt is the Rocky Mountains. This is because they are created where two or more of Earth's tectonic plates are pushed together. At these colliding, compressing boundaries, rocks and debris are warped and folded into rocky outcrops, hills, mountains, and entire mountain ranges. 3 Syncline Anticline

Part 2: For each diagram below, identify the type of fault or fold shown, the type of force necessary to create the structure ( tension, compression, shear ), and what type of plate tectonic boundary this structure might be associated with ( divergent, convergent, transform ). (2 pts per rock) Name of geological structure: Normal Fault Type of force: Tension Commonly-associated plate tectonic boundary: Divergent Boundaries 4

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