Exam 2 Study Guide

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Purdue University *

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105

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Geology

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Apr 3, 2024

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Uploaded by MegaUniverseRook41

EAPS 105, The Planets Exam 2 Study Guide Know the following: Unit 4: Heating and Cooling 1. The consequences of suddenly stopping a moving object. when a moving object hits something and is suddenly stopped, it deforms causing its atoms vibrate more, and thus its temperature rises. 2. The state of the interiors of new terrestrial planets. melted interior 3. The meaning of primordial heating. accretion and core formation are known as primordial heating, since they can only occur during planet formation 4. What Lord Kelvin neglected in his calculation of the age of the Earth. radioactive decay (how long it took for earth to cool from a very hot melted interior to the cooler temperature inferred by observed heat flow today) 5. Why radioactive decay produces heat. unstable (too many of too few neutrons results in a force imbalance and radioactive decay) elements decay into more stable (held together by strong force) atoms, emitted particles cause collisions that produce heat 6. Why the interior of the Earth is hot today. half from ongoing radioactive decay and half from leftover heat from accretion and core formation (primordial heating) 7. Why tidal heating is so intense on Io, but not the Moon. lo has an elliptical orbit around Jupiter causing it to be continuously deformed( like an accordion), generating heat (tidal heating is sufficient to melt lo's mantle, making it the most volcanically active body in solar system) (moon has nearly circular orbit, so the shape of moon does not change even though moon is elongated by tidal forces. Thus, it doesn’t experience much continuous deformation nor tidal heating) 8. The additional source of internal heating of the interiors of the giant planets. compression :the immense gravities of giant planets cause their interiors to compress, another way to deform that causes heating 9. The only means by which a body can shed its heat to space. radiative heat ( only takes place at surface) (heat is transferred though electromagnetic waves through a transparent medium) 10. Why smaller planets cool faster than larger ones. - less primordial heat( less impacts, smaller core) - less radioactive elements keep them hot - smaller body have larger surface areas to volume ratios, more efficient to get rid of heat 11. How heat is transferred with conduction. through a solid by the spread of vibrations to surrounding regions (slowest process of heat transfer, even small bodies can stay warm deep in their interior for very long time) 12. How heat is transferred with convection. through the upward motion of hot and this buoyant(low density) fluids, which then cool and descend causing convection cells 1

13. How convection can occur within a solid. under some conditions, some solids can also flow, called solid state convection 14. How heat transfer occurs within the Earth’s mantle. mantle(solid): convection (lithosphere(solid): conduction, outermore(liquid): convection, inner core(solid): conduction) 15. What a lithosphere is. the cold strong outer shell of the Earth consisting of the crust and uppermost mantle 16. What asthenosphere is. the hot and very weak layer that underlies lithosphere. it flows as a viscous flow 17. What drives plate tectonics. driven by mantle convection (plate tectonics is the process where strong lithosphere move around over a weak asthenosphere) (Earth is the only planet in solar system to utilize plate tectonics to shed internal heat) 18. What a mid-ocean ridge is. magma from below reaches the surface and cools to form new ocean crust and lithospheric mantle that then moves outwards from the ridge; spreading center where new ocean crust forms then spread out (heat flow is highest at mid-ocean ridges) 19. What is subduction zone is. where oceanic plates dive(subduct) back into the Earth's interior 20. What a transform fault is. plates slide past each other on the surface 21. Whether there are transform faults on Jupiter’s moons Europa and Ganymede. Yes. (does not have plate tectonics, its icy surface continuously broken up and pushed around by Jupiter’s tidal force, causing many transform boundaries/ faults) 22. A planet cannot experience plate tectonics without mid-ocean ridges or subduction zones. Yes. If a planet's lithosphere is too strong to break, resulting to a single plate planet without midocean ridges or subduction zones. 23. That a planet can experience mantle convection without plate tectonics. Yes, and it is referred to as stagnant lid convection 24. That only Earth exhibits plate tectonics. Yes, Earth is the only terrestrial planet in the solar system with plate tectonics 25. The cause of young thrust faults on the surface of Mercury and The Moon. As a single plate planet cools over time, surface contract as its interior continues to cool, causing thrust fault. 26. The cause of young thrust faults on the surface of Pluto. normal faults due to global expansion caused by cooling subsurface ocean (water expands when it freezes, causing Pluto’s surface to expand as its subsurface ocean freeze) 27. The plausible explanations of why Venus does not experience plate tectonics like Earth. 1. Venus is so hot that its lithosphere may slowly flow rather than break into plates. 2. Venus is so dry that its lithosphere may be too strong to break 28. How a permanent magnet is created. Ferromagnetic materials (like iron) can hold onto their induced magnetic fields even after nearby magnet is removed ( tiny magnetic fields can be aligned by placing the object near a strong magnet, creating a net magnetic field) 2

29. How an induced magnet field is created. Moving electrons( electron current) produces a magnetic field perpendicular to the direction of the current (magnetic field only exists when the electric current is present) 30. How a magnetic field induced by running a current through a wire can be made stronger. increasing the current, coiling the wire, coiling wire around a ferromagnetic material 31. The components used to generate Earth’s magnetic field. liquid iron outer core provides all the elements necessary to generate very strong induced magnetic field - The electrical current comes from motion of the electrical conducting liquid iron as the outer core convects. - The spin of the Earth causes the liquid iron to convect in spirals like coils in a wire. - Those coils spiral around a core of liquid iron, thus greatly increasing the strength of the magnetic field. 32. The consequence of Earth’s magnetic north pole actually being a magnetic south pole. Earth's magnetic north pole was designated a north pole based on geography and not magnetism, so the earth's magnetic north pole is actually located near earth's geographic south pole 33. What protects us from the solar wind. Earth's magnetic field and atmosphere. most of the charge particles are deflected by the magnetic field, rest are absorbed by our atmosphere 34. What causes auroras (northern and southern lights). the deflection of the solar wand by magnetic field directs charged particles to our poles where it excites the nitrogen and oxygen on our atmosphere 35. What a magnetosphere is. the region where a planet’s magnetic field is the predominant magnetic field 36. Why the Sun has such a strong magnetic field. made of plasma, a gas like state of matter where electrons and ions have separated, creating a super hot mix of charged particles that create electric currents and the strongest magnetic field. 37. What it means that the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft have left the Sun’s heliosphere(sun's magnetosphere). they can no longer use a compass to find their way home 38. Why Venus does not have a magnetic field. due to its slow spin (same reason for mercury) 39. The layer within Jupiter responsible for its magnetic field. metallic hydrogen (tremendous pressure within Jupiter compress hydrogen into a metallic state, a liquid that has free flowing electrons) 40. The layer within Neptune responsible for its magnetic field. water and ammonia in the ice giant mantle interact to create charged ions which are electrically conducting Unit 5: Volcanism 41. The difference between magma and lava. Maximum & Deductible Coverage magma is melted rock beneath the surface, and it's called lava when flows out 42. Know that tectonic plates do not sit on an ocean of magma. tectonic plates do not float on an ocean of molten rocks. 43. The ways to get hot, but still solid, rocks to melt. 1. increase temperature (not a common way to induce volcanism) 2. decrease pressure ( called depressurized melting)(reduce the melting temperature) 3

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