Lab 1 - Sedimentary Rocks (ONLINE) - 2024 Spring Earth History Laboratory (GEOL-105L-18)

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105L

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Geology

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Apr 3, 2024

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Environmental Geology 105L Name: Lab 1: Sedimentary Rocks and Depositional Environments e You will need: Internet Your manual “Chapter 2” provided on OAKS The Lab 1 SedEnv PPT pdf provided on OAKS 0000 Introduction and Fundamentals: See “Chapter 2-sedimentary rocks and environments”, on OAKS to answer the questions in this section. Please note this is not your Marshak lab manual; this lab manual was written “in-house” by Dr. Bobby Boessenecker. 1. Can metamorphic and igneous rocks become sedimentary rocks? 2. Can sedimentary rocks become sedimentary rocks? 3. What is sediment? 4. How do sediments become sedimentary rocks? 5. Briefly explain how each type of sedimentary rock is formed: a. CLASTIC: b. INORGANIC: c. ORGANIC: PART 1: ROCKS: Shale, Siltstone, Conglomerate, Sandstone Use slides 2-7 on the provided Lab 1 SedEnv PPT pdf on OAKS to answer the questions in Part 1. 1. Are these rocks CHEMICAL, ORGANIC, or CLASTIC? 2. Read slide 3. How are sedimentary rocks classified? 3. Observe slides 4 and 5 to put the rocks in order from consisting of the largest to smallest grains (if there are various grain sizes, use the largest grains): Largest Smallest

4. Which sediment do you think becomes each of the following sedimentary rocks? (Use: the sediment terms sand, clay, silt, and gravel for your answers) a. Conglomerate: b. Sandstone: c. Siltstone: d. Clay: Observe slides 5 and 6 (Lab 1 SedEnv PPT pdf on OAKS) to answer questions 5-12. Note that the “Source area” is the rock from which these grains originally eroded. 5. As grains are transported farther from their source do they get BIGGER or SMALLER? 6. As grains are transported farther from their source do they get MORE or LESS rounded (only compare gravel to sand)? 7. Which would take a higher amount of energy to transport, GRAVEL or CLAY? 8. Therefore, smaller grain sizes take MORE or LESS energy to transport. 9. And larger grain sizes take MORE or LESS energy to transport. 10. Which rock do you think would form closest to the source area? 11. Which of these clastic rocks do you think would form farthest from the source area? 12. Put the sediments in order according to the energy needed to transport them. Use the same sediment terms from question 4. HIGH ENERGY LOW ENERGY Slides 5, 6 and 7 describes sorting. Read it to answer questions 13 & 14. 13. Which of the 4 clastic rocks has poorly sorted grains? List all that apply! 14. Which of the 4 clastic rocks has well sorted grains? List all that apply! Read pages 3-5 from “Lab Manual Chapter 2-sedimentary rocks and environments” on OAKS to answer questions 15-20. 15. Areas where eroded sediments are deposited are called: 16. Where would conglomerate likely be formed? Pick one: DEEP OCEAN ALLUVIAL FANS MARSH SAND DUNES 17. Is this (Q#16 answer) a HIGH or LOW energy environment? 18. Where would sandstone likely be formed? Pick one: DEEP OCEAN ALLUVIAL FANS MARSH SAND DUNES

19. Where would shale and siltstone most likely form? Pick two: DEEP OCEAN ALLUVIAL FANS MARSH SAND DUNES 20. Are these (Q#19 answers) HIGH or LOW energy environments? Complete PART 1: ROCKS: Shale, Siltstone, Conglomerate, Sandstone of the table found on pg.5 with the information from this section. In the characteristics column, note anything you learned that would help you identify this sample, for example that it is well sorted. PART 2: ROCKS: Fossiliferous Limestone, Fossil Coral, Coquina, Chalk Use slides 8-14 on the provided Powerpoint PDF to answer the questions in this part. 1. See slide 9. Of what chemical compound are the limestones composed? Hint: same chemical compound as the mineral Calcite. See slide 10 on fossiliferous limestone. Where did the creatures that make up this sample live...in other words, what was their depositional environment (Chp. 2 will help!)? . See the map on slide 11. A sample of fossiliferous limestone was found at location 6B and is found to be 5-10 million years old. Answer the following: a. In what state was this sample found? b. What do you notice about the line showing sea-level 5-10 million years ago? c. How do scientists know that sea-level used to be all the way up near Columbia, SC? See slide 12 on fossil coral and read about the conditions they need to thrive. If this sample was found in northern Texas and is dated to be 3 million years old. What does this tell you about te environment of northern Texas 3 million years ago? See slide 13 on coquina (and Chp.2) and answer the following: a. What is the energy level where this sample was formed, high or low? b. What is the depositional environment? See slide 14 on chalk and answer the following: a. Do you think chalk forms in a high or low energy environment? (Hint: remember the grain size is tiny!) b. Do you think this chalk forms nearshore or in the deep ocean? (Hint: think of where it would be more quiet for small grains to settle out!) c. See the map again on slide 11. Sample 6D is a location where 100-million-year old chalk was found. Was sea level higher or lower at this location 100 million years ago? Complete_PART 2: ROCKS: Fossiliferous Limestone, Fossil Coral, Coquina, Chalk of the table found on page 5 of this lab with the information from this section.

PART 3: ROCKS: Fossiliferous Shale, Peat, Coal Use slides 15-17 on the provided Powerpoint to answer the questions in this part. 1. Fossiliferous shale is simply shale that has fossils preserved in it. These fossils can be marine (ex. bivalves), or can be leaves and other plant matter. Recall from learning about shale in part 1, is this rock formed in a HIGH or LOW energy environment? 2. Therefore, which of the following is an environment where you think fossiliferous shale with plant matter would be preserved? (CHOOSE ONE!) DEEP OCEAN SWAMP ALLUVIAL FAN RIVER 3. See the image on slide 16, showing how shale (likely with preserved plant fossils) becomes peat, and then coal. Answer the following by observing this image: a. What is formed first, PEAT or COAL? b. What takes more pressure to form, PEAT or COAL? 4. Slide 17 shows pictures of each of these rocks. Which do you think is the most compacted, PEAT or COAL? 5. Look back to the map on slide 11. Shale was deposited at location 7A and dated to be 390 million years old. What does this tell you about #he climate of this location 390 million years ago? (Hint: in what type of climate are present-day swamps?) Complete PART 3: ROCKS: Fossiliferous Shale, Peat, Coal of the table on pg.5 of this lab with the information from this section. PART 4: ROCKS: Halite, Gypsum, Stalactite/Stalagmite Use slides 18-20 on the provided Powerpoint to answer the questions in this part. 1. Slide 19 shows two evaporites, Halite and Gypsum. See pg.7 of the pdf “Chapter 2-Sedimentary rocks and environments™ and answer the following: a. How do evaporites form, and in what type of climate? b. Where do evaporites form (what is their depositional environment)? c. For what is Halite used? d. For what is Gypsum used? 2. Slide 20 shows two speleothems, stalactites and stalagmites. See pg.7 of the pdf “Chapter 2-Sedimentary rocks and environments” and answer the following: a. How do speleothems form? b. Where do speleothems form (what is their depositional environment)?

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