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1013

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Geology

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Jan 9, 2024

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docx

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Chapter 3 Rocks Question 3 – Define igneous rocks, describe how they are formed and classified; provide examples. Igneous rocks form when magma cools and crystallizes. This occurs either when the melted rock is inside the crust or at volcanoes on the surface of the Earth. Magma is formed underground in the lower crust or upper mantle. The two main categories of igneous rocks are extrusive and intrusive rocks. Extrusive rocks are formed on the surface of the Earth from lava. When lava explodes from the volcano, the rock cools quickly. Crystals are formed within these rocks, but they are too small to see. Intrusive rocks are formed from the magma that cools within the crust. Intrusive rocks cool slowly and do not even reach the surface. These rocks usually have crystals that are visible. I have always found these rocks interesting ever since elementary school. The idea of forming from magma and lava is cool to me. Chapter 5 Earthquakes Question 4 – Describe the major destructive forces (landslides, fire, tsunamis). A landslide is the movement of rock or debris on a downhill slope. They are caused by natural forces such as earthquakes, volcanoes, or rain. Landslides can also occur through geology and human activity. Fire is the burning of combustible material in the presence of oxygen. In relevance to the Earth, wildfires are common. Wildfires are also referred to as the fire triangle because of the fuel, oxygen, and heat source. Most wildfires are caused by dry weather, drought, or strong winds that carry a spark. They are dangerous to grasslands, vegetation, and ecosystems. Though wildfires can occur, they can be beneficial for forest health. A tsunami is a series of waves that cause volcanic eruptions in the sea or earthquakes. The height and speed of a tsunami is dependent on the depth of the ocean in which they occur. I always like watching movies with tsunamis and thought learning them in depth would be cool. Chapter 6 Volcanoes Question 3 – Describe the major hazards associated with volcanoes. One major hazard of volcanoes is the lava flows after an eruption. Lava is molten rock that erupts from the volcano. Molten rock is either sticky or very fluid depending on the temperature. Lava flows are dangerous because they range from 1,800-3,600 degrees F. Standing in the way of a lava flow can cause severe burns, create a loss of wildlife, and burn vegetation and structures. Pyroclastic density currents are explosive. They can contain rock, hot gas, or ash. These can be deadly, and they destroy anything in the way of the current. Pyroclastic falls are also known as volcanic fallout. They occur when rocks are ejected from a volcanic vent and fall to the ground. Some of these may be injected into the atmosphere. I find this interesting because I will only ever see a volcano through pictures and learning about it.

Chapter 7 Crustal Deformation and Mountain Building Question 2 – Define orogenesis. Orogenesis is the process of a mountain formation through the deformation of the Earth’s crust. This occurs at a convergent plate motion when plate motion compresses the margin. The compression and movements of plates have always been interesting to me because I cannot grasp my head around it. Chapter 11 Geologic Time Question 1 – Define and Compare uniformitarianism and catastrophism. Uniformitarianism is the theory that Earth’s features are caused by gradual small processes that have occurred over long periods of time. Catastrophism is the theory that explains Earth’s landscape and shape was formed out of abrupt and global events resulting in mass extinction and shape changing. This theory was in reconciliation with the Bible and the stories such as Noah’s flood. Georges Cuvier brought the idea of fossil records being preserved in geological time. Geologic history has always been interesting to me. Chapter 18 Air Pressure and Wind Question 2 - List the forces that create and alter winds. There are five forces that create and alter winds. These forces are pressure gradient force, advection, centrifugal force, and turbulent drag.

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