Chapter 11 and 12 questions

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Wayne County Community College District *

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Geology

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Jan 9, 2024

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docx

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Chapter 11: Iron Ores and Iron Mining 1. Discuss the discovery of the ore.  William A. Burt discovered iron ore in Michigan in 1844.  The ore was found near Negaunee, which became a significant mining location. 2. Discuss the geology of iron formations.  Iron formations in Michigan consist of banded iron formation (BIF).  BIF includes alternating layers of iron-rich minerals and chert, formed in ancient seas. 3. Discuss the early mining operations in Michigan’s three iron ranges.  Early mining in Michigan's iron ranges included the Marquette, Menominee, and Gogebic ranges.  Mining operations often started as small-scale open-pit mines. 4. Discuss methods of iron ore exploration and development.  Iron ore exploration used methods like magnetic surveys, drilling, and geological mapping.  Development included assessing ore quality, quantity, and economic viability. 5. Discuss the onset of underground mining operations.  Underground mining began as surface ore was exhausted, requiring new mining technology.  Underground mines extended deeper into the iron formations. 6. Discuss the era of iron ore enrichment.  Natural processes enriched iron ores, making them more economically valuable.

 Enrichment improved ore quality and reduced impurities. 7. Discuss some modern challenges with iron ore.  Modern challenges include environmental concerns, such as land reclamation and habitat restoration.  Market fluctuations, global competition, and economic factors can impact the sustainability of iron ore mining. Chapter 12: Copper Mining: A Billion Years of Geological Human History 1. Discuss the Mid-continent rift system.  The mid-continent rift system formed about 1.1 to 1 billion years ago.  It played a crucial role in creating unique geological conditions for copper deposition. 2. Discuss the Rocks of the Keweenaw Peninsula.  The Keweenaw Peninsula's native copper mining district is primarily composed of basaltic lava flows.  Native copper was trapped within these rocks, making the area rich in copper resources. 3. Discuss the regional history from rifting to glaciation.  This period spans roughly 1.0 billion to 2 million years ago.  Geological events shaped the landscape and influenced the formation of copper deposits. 4. Discuss regional history: Pleistocene glaciation and float copper.  This era covers about 2 million to 10,000 years ago.

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