Jarvis Chapter 21

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Feb 20, 2024

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Jarvis Chapter 21: Peripheral Vascular System and Lymphatic System 1. Describe the Structure and Function of arteries and veins Arteries are the blood vessels that carry freshly oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body. The artery walls are strong, tough, and able to withstand pressure demands. Their walls contain elastic fibers and can stretch with systole and recoil with diastole. They also contain muscle fibers (vascular smooth muscle), which controls the amount of blood delivered to the tissues by changing the diameter of the arteries to control the rate of blood flow. Veins are the blood vessels that carry the deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Veins are a low-pressure system, contain intraluminal valves to help direct blood back to the heart, and have thinner walls than those of the arteries. Veins have larger diameters and are more distensible. 2. List the pulse sites accessible to examination Temporal, carotid, brachial, radial, ulnar, femoral, popliteal, dorsalis, pedis, posterior tibial. 3. Describe the three mechanisms that help return venous blood to the heart A. The contracting skeletal muscles milk the blood proximally, back toward the heart B. The pressure gradient caused by breathing, in which inspiration makes the thoracic pressure decrease and the abdominal pressure increase C. The intraluminal valves ensure unidirectional flow toward the heart. 4. Define the term capacitance vessels , and explain their significance Veins have the ability to stretch and are called capacitance vessels for this reason. The ability to stretch is a compensatory mechanism that reduces stress on the heart. 5. List the risk factors for venous stasis Prolonged standing, sitting, or bed rest, because these situations do not allow a person to benefit from the milking action that walking accomplishes. Presence of varicose veins, especially in the presence of obesity and pregnancy. Elderly, peripheral vascular disease. Other risk factors are hypercoagulation, vein wall trauma, varicose veins, obesity, pregnancy, and genetic predisposition. 6. Describe the function of the lymphatic system The lymphatic system is a separate vessel system that retrieves excess fluid from the tissue spaces and returns it to the bloodstream. During circulation of the blood, somewhat more fluid leaves the capillaries than the veins can absorb. Without lymphatic drainage, fluid would build up in the interstitial spaces and produce edema. 7. Describe the function of lymph nodes

The lymph nodes are small oval clumps of lymphatic tissue located at intervals along the vessels. They are usually arranged in groups, both deep and superficial in the body. Nodes filter the fluid before it is returned to the bloodstream and filter out microorganisms that could be harmful to the body. 8. Name the related organs in the lymphatic system  Spleen: to destroy old red blood cells, to produce antibodies, to store red blood cells, to filter micro-organisms from the blood  Tonsils: respond to local inflammation  thymus gland: important in developing the T lymphocytes if the immune in children 9. List the symptom areas to address during history taking relating to the peripheral vascular system. History should include:  Leg pain or cramps.  Skin changes on arms or legs.  Swelling in the arms or legs.  Lymph node enlargement.  Medications 10. Fill in the grading scale for assessing the force of an arterial pulse: 0 = absent 1+ = weak 2+ = normal 3+ = increased 4+ = full; bounding 11. Differentiate between mild, moderate, and severe lymphedema Mild: 1-3 cm of asymmetry between affected and non affected limbs Moderate: 3-5 cm of asymmetry between affected and non affected limbs Severe: >5 cm of asymmetry between affected and non affected limbs 12. List the characteristics expected with arterial insufficiency to the lower legs Malnutrition, marked pallor, and coolness occur with arterial insufficiency. Malnutrition: thin, shiny atrophic skin, thick-ridged nails, loss of hair, ulcers, gangrene 13. Compare the characteristics of leg ulcers associated with arterial insufficiency to ulcers with venous insufficiency

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