Lab 12 Final Exam Study Guide.docx

Lab #12: Final Exam Study Guide and HR & BP Skills Checkoff Lab #1: Screening, Equipment, and Calculations  What is the purpose of preparticipation screening, including informed consent and health risk assessment? Due to these risks associated with exercise, it is very important to obtain an informed consent and perform preparticipation screening prior to beginning fitness assessments and exercise programming with your clients. The informed consent process provides clients with the information and knowledge they need to make an informed decision about whether or not to participate in fitness assessment and exercise.  Know how to make basic conversions for height (inches, centimeters, and meters) and weight (pounds and kilograms).  1 lb. = 0.45 kg  1 kg = 2.2 lb.  1 in. = 2.54 cm = 0.0254 m  1 cm = 0.3937 in.  1 cm = 0.01 m (1/100 th )  Know the Grammatical rules for SI units.

 Terms are not capitalized, except when used at the beginning of a sentence (newton is correct, Newton is not).  Abbreviations are written in lower case (e.g., kg is correct, Kg is not). o Exceptions to this rule: newton (N), watts (W), and kelvin (K). o The capital L is commonly used for liter to avoid confusion with the number 1.  Terms are abbreviated when they are associated with a number (e.g., 79 kg) and spelled out when part of a sentence (e.g., Kilogram is a unit of measurement.).  Abbreviations are not written in the plural (e.g., 79 kg is correct, 79 kgs is not).  Numbers are separated by a space from their abbreviations (e.g., 79 kg is correct, 79kg is not).  When expressing terms in combination with other units, hyphens are not used. Combined units are separated by a centered dot rather than a hyphen (e.g., 12 n·m is correct, 12 n-m is not).  Never mix abbreviations and unit names (e.g., 12 n·m is correct, 12 N·meters is not).  Never mix numerals and names (250 N is correct, 250 newtons is not).  Never use the term ‘per’ (e.g., kilometers per hour). Use a centered dot preceding the unit and express as a negative exponent (e.g., km·hr -1 ).  Limit the slash symbol (/) to only one use in an expression (e.g., km/hour). Don’t use more than one slash in an expression (e.g., ml·kg -1 ·min -1 or ml/kg·min -1 is correct, ml/kg/min is not). Lab #2: Muscular Strength and Endurance  Define muscular strength and endurance.

Strength is the ability of the muscle to exert a force, whereas muscular endurance is the ability to exert a force repeatedly over time. There are two principal types of muscular contractions: static and dynamic. In static contraction, the muscles contract but do not produce joint movement, such as in an isometric contraction. Dynamic contractions produce joint movement, such as during isotonic contractions. Isotonic contractions are further characterized as concentric or eccentric.  Understand the concept of the length-tension relationship Active tension is produced within sarcomeres (ie. the basic contractile element of skeletal muscle). Muscular contraction results from a nerve impulse that stimulates the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Calcium binds to troponin causing a conformational change of tropomyosin, which exposes the actin-binding site. The myosin head can now form a cross-bridge with actin and produce tension, which pulls the z- lines toward the center of the sarcomere. The figure below displays the actin-myosin interaction at three different muscle lengths as well as the tension produced at each of the different lengths. This illustrates the concept of the length- tension relationship (or “optimal overlap”) in which, at mid-length (points 2 and 3), the sarcomeres are aligned for optimal overlap and cross-bridge formation, which enhances muscle force production. At both longer and shorter muscle lengths (points 1 and 5), muscle force production is decreased because the actin and myosin overlap is either too little or too much for effective cross-bridge formation and optimal force production.  Know the difference between eccentric, concentric, and isometric contractions

Isometric Contraction: Active tension is developed by the muscle but the joint angle remains unchanged. With isometric contractions, the force developed by the muscle is equivalent to the external force. Concentric Contraction: Active tension is developed by the muscle resulting in muscle shortening, which causes motion of a joint. With concentric contractions, the force developed by the muscle is greater than that of the external force. Eccentric Contraction: Active tension is developed by the muscle resulting in muscle lengthening, which acts to control joint motion. With eccentric contractions, the force developed by the muscle is less than that of the external force. Lab #3: Flexibility and Neuromuscular Control  Know the definition of flexibility and the benefits of stretching. Also, know the general procedures and some of the limitations of flexibility assessment. Flexibility refers to the range of motion (ROM) of joints Stretching exercises are an important part of a well-balanced exercise program and can increase the ROM of joints and their associated tissues, such as muscles, tendons, and ligaments. Traditionally, various forms of the sit-and-reach test have been widely used to assess lower body flexibility. The sit-and-reach test is designed to assess the flexibility of the hamstrings, lower back, and hips; however, there is no consistent evidence that the sit- and-reach test predicts the risk of developing low back pain or musculoskeletal injury. is also evidence calling into question the validity of this test, especially related to low back flexibility. There

also appear to be factors other than joint ROM that influence the results of this assessment, such as the limb and trunk lengths of the individual being assessed. For all of these reasons, the American College of Sports Medicine no longer recommends the sit-and-reach test.  Know the definitions of the two types of balance. Static balance involves feedback from the somatosensory, visual, and vestibular systems to achieve a state of steadiness. Dynamic balance involves feedback from the somatosensory, visual, and vestibular systems to help maintain balance while the body is in motion.  Know the three factors that influence balance. strength, flexibility, and neuromuscular control  Know two risks or consequences of poor balance and decreased neuromuscular control. In older adults, balance is an important factor in preventing falls. In athletes, poor neuromuscular control can increase the risk for injury. Lab #4: Body Weight and Body Composition  Know how to measure, calculate, and classify body mass index (BMI). o You need to memorize the formula

Metric units: Weight (kg) ÷ Height (m)² English units: [Weight (lb) x 703] ÷ Height (in)²

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