Lab 8- Applied Biomechanics

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University of Ottawa *

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Dec 6, 2023

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APA 2315 Lab 8 - Applied Biomechanics **Athletic attire is required for this laboratory** Objectives: 1. Apply knowledge of qualitative biomechanical analysis 2. Observe and correct sport-specific skills 3. Gain knowledge and skills using Kinovea and/or OnForm Introduction: The study of movements independent of the forces that produce them is called kinematics. A variety of high-tech and low-tech motion capture systems have been developed which measure, quantify and record movements in two- and three-dimensions. These motion capture systems permit many different variables to be collected while also providing a visual recording of the movement that has taken place. The various system options exist due to the broad application of biomechanics; for example, the tools used for applied research in rehabilitation often need to be more precise than tools used on the field by a coach. There is often a trade-off given to quick and user-friendly motion capture/analysis over precision of the measures taken. One such tool is motion analysis software such as Kinovea and OnForm. Along with being free of charge, these software programs are simple and easy tools to use in a variety of sports settings. Because most sports and sport movements take place at rapid speeds, it is often useful to record these movements to be able to replay the events as well as slow down the video to still images in order to better comprehend what has happened. Angles, distances, direction, alignments and timing are just a few of the components that we are able to look at using motion analysis software. Since athletes, students, physical educators and coaches learn and teach in many ways, integrating such tools as Kinovea or OnForm to everyday tasks could help improve performance and technique and correct common mistakes. Additionally, smartphones, cameras and computers are often readily available, making the use of such technology easy to integrate to everyday teaching and coaching. In this lab, you will study applied biomechanics as it relates to various domains including physical education, coaching, and strength and conditioning. The objective is to integrate biomechanical feedback using basic yet powerful tools and equipment to improve and correct diverse movements. Working in two groups of 6-7 students, you will analyze two skills. During at least one of these skill evaluations, you must incorporate the use of Kinovea or OnForm. There is no set procedure for the Kinovea or OnForm analysis you will be doing: therefore, there is not just one correct way to complete your analysis. Be sure to take a screenshot of your athlete in Kinovea or OnForm, initially and after your final coaching points. This will need to be handed in along with the questions you answer in this lab. For your screenshot, choose only the camera angle that is best for the analysis. There are two parts to this lab. One group will start with Part A while the other group starts with Part B. Half-way through the lab session you will switch parts. The focus of Part A is the application of biomechanics in the domains of physical education and coaching . Groups will observe and correct the sprint start position of a classmate in the starting blocks. The focus of Part B is the application of biomechanics to strength and conditioning . Here, groups will provide a qualitative analysis of the push jerk movement using Knudson’s nine principles of biomechanics. During this analysis, you will also identify the critical features of the task, as well as the common teaching and coaching points for feedback and correction.
APA 2315- Introduction to the Biomechanics of Human Movement University of Ottawa 2 PART A – PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND COACHING Sprint start analysis The position adopted by sprinters before the start signal is very important as it dictates how much power they will be able to generate coming out of the blocks and during the first portion of their race. Because sprinting events last only a few seconds, especially in the 100 m event at the Olympics, being able to generate as much power as possible during these first few seconds of the race could be the edge needed to win the race. The task you will be analyzing is the ‘ set ’ position of the athlete: this is a static position you will be analyzing using Kinovea or OnForm. As physical educators or coaches, you may be asked to teach this position to novice sprint athletes in your classroom or to coach a track and field team as they prepare for their next meet. Understanding the correct positioning as well as how to analyze and improve positioning is important to being a successful educator and coach. The England Athletics Association has offered the following guidelines to the biomechanics of the sprint start: ‘The aim, when starting from the blocks, is the development of maximum horizontal velocity achieved by placing the body in the best biomechanical position in order to apply force and develop impulse (Impulse = Force x time). There are three types of sprint starts, established by the distance between the two blocks: 1) bullet (˂30cm), 2) medium (30 - 50cm) and 3) elongated (˃5 0cm). However, the medium distance is said to be the best combination to develop both force and time on the blocks. When first positioning into the starting blocks, according to the athletes flexibility and ability, the front block should be at ˃45° and the rear block should be at a 35° angle. The positioning of the feet and ankle will depend on the positioning of the blocks. In the ‘set’ position, shoulders should be overs hands and elbows should not be locked. Hips should be aligned above the shoulders. The athlete should adopt a flat back with a neutral head position. The front knee should have an angle of 90-110° and the rear knee should have an angle of 120-135°. The body weight should be evenly distributed between the arms and legs. Once the gun has fired, the athlete should focus on the motor task at hand. Hips should be projecting forward. Arms should be above parallel: the front arm should lead from the forearm and the rear arm should sweep straight back. This phase of the sprint is termed the drive phase as is outlined in the figure below. When determining the best start position for your athlete you should keep several factors in mind. First, you should aim to fit the biomechanical model outlined above. Next, you should time their 10 m sprint to ensure this position is best suited to your athlete. Lastly, as your athlete changes in height, morphology, strength, changes should be made in order to ensure the best fit for your athlete.’ Figure 1. Example of set position. *From the England Athletics: Biomechanics of Sprinting.
APA 2315- Introduction to the Biomechanics of Human Movement University of Ottawa 3 Procedure: Choose one person who will be the athlete. This person will take the ‘ set ’ position during a sprint start. The remaining members of the group will analyze the positioning and offer corrections based on the information above. Be sure to work with the abilities of your athlete when offering advice on how to improve their positioning. *It is very important that the starting blocks remain on the wooden platform as they have spikes beneath them. Information for your analysis: • Set-up a smartphone such that you have a sagittal view of your athlete. • Set-up another smartphone such that you have a frontal view of your athlete. • Ensure the cameras are steady (the camera operator may need to lean against the wall or have the camera supported) • Using both smartphones, take a photo of your athlete in the sprint start position. This will need to be done several times: initially (without offering comments or feedback) and as you offer coaching and corrections. • Offer corrections and feedback until you believe the athlete has achieved their best personal technique (this may vary according to experience, flexibility, etc.). • Ensure your team uses the tools available to offer the best coaching to your athlete. o Measurements may be taken on the image file in the Kinovea or OnForm software or on the participant using the goniometers, inclinometers and tape measures that are available in the lab. o Remember that motion analysis software offers many tools: gridlines for your background, angle calculator, straight lines, etc. Questions for Part A: 1. For each element below, describe the initial position of your athlete and state which modifications were needed to improve it. (14 marks) Hand placement: _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ Shoulder and wrist alignment: _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ Head alignment: _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________
APA 2315- Introduction to the Biomechanics of Human Movement University of Ottawa 4 Position of back: _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ Right leg, knee, and foot placement: _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ Left leg, knee, and foot placement: _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ Other: _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Was your athlete able to correct their start sprint position to attain ideal positioning? What helped your athlete the most (i.e. verbal corrections, visual aid via Kinovea or OnForm, demonstrations, etc.)? (3 marks) _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ Before moving on to the next part of the lab, have everyone in the group try out the set position and offer constructive feedback on their technique. As coaches, it is important to not only understand and have the knowledge behind a movement, but it is also important to have a certain kinesthetic sense for the movement: this may help to better relate to the athlete and make for a better coach.
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