435 lab 1
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Texas A&M University *
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Course
435
Subject
Health Science
Date
Apr 3, 2024
Type
Pages
8
Uploaded by DoctorFlagGoat7
Jake Akins
Lab 1 - Blood Pressure
02/21/2024
Introduction
The cardiovascular system’s response to different exercise modalities, like static and dynamic
isokinetic exercises, is an
intricate field of study that involves multiple mechanisms and
responses. It is important to know how blood pressure will react to each style of exercise when it
comes to optimizing cardiovascular health. Static exercise is to involve muscle contraction
against resistance, while dynamic involves repetitive contractions that result in movement. While
both provide a unique challenge for the cardiovascular system, static exercise will increase
more during exercise (
Hietanen E, 1984). Different exercise styles bring out certain cardiac
responses. During static exercise, an increase in venous return and cardiac output is expected,
ultimately causing a greater skeletal pump than dynamic exercise. (Bezucha, 1982). Cardiac
output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute, while venous return is the blood
returning to the body's tissue. The increase in the two of these is essential for the working
muscles during both static and dynamic exercise. Static exercise can lead to an overall increase
in the heart's contractility and stroke volume as well (Bezucha, 1982). Stroke volume is defined
as the amount of blood that the heart sends out with each beat, and contractility is the
forcefulness of heart muscle contraction. Together this can allow for greater blood flow during
exercise. Static exercises provide a unique challenge to the cardiovascular system. The amount
of time for ventricular filling will be reduced during static exercise due to diastolic pressure.
Diastolic pressure is the filling phase of the cardiac cycle, so due to prolonged muscle
contraction during static exercise it is likely to see an increased heart rate in order to keep the
cardiac output steady (Seals, 1983). It is also expected that systolic blood pressure may
increase since it is primarily determined by cardiac output and due to the large force of
contractions during exercise. On the other hand, dynamic exercises are more revolving around
muscle contractions from movements. This leads to less of an increase in blood pressure
throughout exercise sessions, remaining more constant (Camarena, 2000). There is an
expected initial increase in blood pressure during dynamic exercise to meet the demands of the
body, but it is also expected to stabilize over time (Bezucha, 1982). While both static and
dynamic exercises are beneficial and essential to cardiovascular fitness, they both have distinct
responses to blood pressure regulation. Both dynamic and static exercises will show changes in
heart rate along with blood pressure, the difference will be in the magnitude and pattern of how
they will change depending on the type of exercise. Dynamic exercises should result in a
progressive increase and heart rate as intensity increases, due to the demand of oxygen
required by working muscles. Conversely it is expected that dynamic exercises will also
increase in both aspects at first, but stabilize thereafter due to maintaining static muscle
contractions. The pattern of changes in heart rate and blood pressure are expected to vary due
to different intensities and body demands during static and dynamic exercises.
Methods/Materials
Materials used
●
Cycle ergometer
●
Treadmill
●
Hand grip dynamometer
●
Cycle ergometer
●
Lab instructions
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Writing utensils
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Stethoscope
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Spogonometer
●
Stop watch
Through a varying 4 exercises, 2 static and 2 dynamic, heart rate and blood pressure were
taken before all 4 for the control group for each exercise. Starting with dynamic exercises, the
subject was to walk on a treadmill at 3 mph for 2 minutes at each intensity in 4 waves.
Increasing from 0 incline to 3, 5, 7 and finally 10 blood pressure was taken every 2 minutes at
each level before increasing. Next a cycle ergometer test was performed. The subject was to
pedal to measure any resistance. Blood pressure and heart rate are taken again after 2 minutes
at each intensity following the resistance of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and finally 2.0. The participant that was
actually doing each exercise had the sphygmomanometer on at all times so that systolic and
diastolic pressure could be taken at each two minute mark. A stethoscope was placed on the
brachial artery to observe these pressures. As for heart rate one observer placed their index
finger on the radial artery for 10 seconds and then multiplied that number by 6 to get their BPM
for that given time. Each observer took turns either measuring blood pressure, heart rate or
recording the data collected by the other two and recording it in the order it was tested. For
static exercises five trials were done to show fatigue and cardiovascular response to this. The
lower-leg dynamometer with a slight bend in the knees, shoulders over toes, arms locked out
and feet flat. Each trial the subject would pull the chain constantly trying to straighten legs while
keeping a hinge at the hips, resting heart rate, blood pressure and “weight score” were recorded
each time it was performed. Similarly, the hand grip test involved the measurement of the same
three things, heart rate, blood pressure and “weight score.” The subject would squeeze and hold
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for 15 seconds each trail. Again recording each attempt. Much like the dynamic exercises the
participants rotated measuring either blood pressure or heart rate, while the third participant
recorded the results in the lab paper. The same methods were used to record both blood
pressure and heart rate after each trial.
Results
Treadmill Results
Results from the treadmill exercise show an increase in heart rate starting at 77 and ending at
118. Systolic pressure had a higher increase as well from an initial 128 all the way up to 155.
Mean arterial pressure slightly increased from 92 to 112. Lastly, diastolic pressure is expected to
stay constant but fluctuate more than what is to be considered normal starting at 74 and
jumping to 89 by minute 2 and then going back to 84 by the 4th minute.
Cycle Ergometry Results
Much like the other dynamic exercise, an increase in heart rate was shown starting at 77 and
ending at 129. The same goes for systolic and diastolic pressure. Systolic rose from 129 to 156,
and diastolic rose from 78 to 88. It is important to note that a more normal increase in diastolic
pressure was recorded, only slightly rising rather than fluctuating. Lastly mean arterial pressure
rose from 92 to 122.
Lower Leg Dynamometer Results
Lower leg Dynamometer results starting with heart rate we saw it rise starting at 93 and going all
the way to 112. The same can be said for systolic pressure, rising from an initial 125 going all
the way to 156. Diastolic pressure, while expected to rise slightly during dynamic exercise,
again fluctuated starting at 83 and ending at 94, but got to 101 for the 4th trial. Lastly mean
arterial pressure rose as well starting at 97 and ended at 125. It is also important to note that
there saw an overall increase in the score during the test starting at 108 and rising all the way to
120.
Handgrip Dynamometer results
Lastly heart rate during the hand grip increased during the entire duration starting at 74 and
ending at 102. For systolic pressure however, it began to increase and started to plateau but
ended up lowering by the last trial. Going from 127 to 153, but ending at 151. Diastolic blood
pressure started at 79 and got to 99 at the 4th and 5th trial. Mean arterial pressure started off at
95 and ended to 125. Something to note is that it got up to 126 by the 4th trial, but fell back
down to 125 for the final trial.
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Discussion
Based on the results displayed, the tests did not accurately show cardiovascular response to
exercise. The diastolic pressure was expected to be constant, changing very slightly during
dynamic exercises. Greatly fluctuating during the lower leg dynamometer test, and jumped
slightly during the handgrip test. During the handgrip test, it was expected that systolic pressure
would increase to a higher degree, however it only slightly increased. During Lower leg
dynamometer systolic pressure did increase, rather than continuing to increase as expected it
continued to fluctuate too much to be considered accurate. Something to note is the diastolic
pressure did stay somewhat constant during the cycling test, but not enough to be considered
reliable data. During the treadmill test, an increase occurred in diastolic pressure which again
was not what normally happens during dynamic exercise. Using the equation DP + ⅓ (SP - DP)
the mean arterial pressure can be found. During both dynamic and static exercise the mean
arterial pressure is expected to rise due to the rising systolic pressure. The mean arterial
pressure rose for all tests besides the handgrip dynamometer, where it rose and fell during the
5th trial. It is understood that the primary reason for unreliable data could be due to lack of
experience in testers, for it was the first time for many to even test for these things. On top of
this the testers were constantly switching roles rather than specializing in one area which could
skew results further. Lastly, time restraints could have affected results due to not having multiple
trials. In the future the experiment could be done on more elite level athletes in comparison to
more stationary people, just to help show the difference in pressure between the two groups.
Citations
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The American journal of
physiology
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277
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https://doi.org/10.1152/advances.1999.277.6.S244
Bezucha, G. R., Lenser, M. C., Hanson, P. G., & Nagle, F. J. (1982). Comparison of
hemodynamic responses to static and dynamic exercise.
Journal of applied physiology:
respiratory, environmental and exercise physiology
,
53
(6), 1589–1593.
https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1982.53.6.1589
González-Camarena, R., Carrasco-Sosa, S., Román-Ramos, R., Gaitán-González, M. J.,
Medina-Bañuelos, V., & Azpiroz-Leehan, J. (2000). Effect of static and dynamic exercise
on heart rate and blood pressure variabilities.
Medicine and science in sports and
exercise
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(10), 1719–1728.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200010000-00010
Hietanen E. (1984). Cardiovascular responses to static exercise.
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https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.2304
Nissen, S. E., Wolski, K. E., Prcela, L., Wadden, T., Buse, J. B., Bakris, G., Perez, A., &
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