435 lab 1

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Texas A&M University *

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435

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Health Science

Date

Apr 3, 2024

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pdf

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8

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Jake Akins Lab 1 - Blood Pressure 02/21/2024 Introduction The cardiovascular system’s response to different exercise modalities, like static and dynamic isokinetic exercises, is an intricate field of study that involves multiple mechanisms and responses. It is important to know how blood pressure will react to each style of exercise when it comes to optimizing cardiovascular health. Static exercise is to involve muscle contraction against resistance, while dynamic involves repetitive contractions that result in movement. While both provide a unique challenge for the cardiovascular system, static exercise will increase more during exercise ( Hietanen E, 1984). Different exercise styles bring out certain cardiac responses. During static exercise, an increase in venous return and cardiac output is expected, ultimately causing a greater skeletal pump than dynamic exercise. (Bezucha, 1982). Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute, while venous return is the blood returning to the body's tissue. The increase in the two of these is essential for the working muscles during both static and dynamic exercise. Static exercise can lead to an overall increase in the heart's contractility and stroke volume as well (Bezucha, 1982). Stroke volume is defined as the amount of blood that the heart sends out with each beat, and contractility is the forcefulness of heart muscle contraction. Together this can allow for greater blood flow during exercise. Static exercises provide a unique challenge to the cardiovascular system. The amount of time for ventricular filling will be reduced during static exercise due to diastolic pressure. Diastolic pressure is the filling phase of the cardiac cycle, so due to prolonged muscle contraction during static exercise it is likely to see an increased heart rate in order to keep the cardiac output steady (Seals, 1983). It is also expected that systolic blood pressure may increase since it is primarily determined by cardiac output and due to the large force of contractions during exercise. On the other hand, dynamic exercises are more revolving around
muscle contractions from movements. This leads to less of an increase in blood pressure throughout exercise sessions, remaining more constant (Camarena, 2000). There is an expected initial increase in blood pressure during dynamic exercise to meet the demands of the body, but it is also expected to stabilize over time (Bezucha, 1982). While both static and dynamic exercises are beneficial and essential to cardiovascular fitness, they both have distinct responses to blood pressure regulation. Both dynamic and static exercises will show changes in heart rate along with blood pressure, the difference will be in the magnitude and pattern of how they will change depending on the type of exercise. Dynamic exercises should result in a progressive increase and heart rate as intensity increases, due to the demand of oxygen required by working muscles. Conversely it is expected that dynamic exercises will also increase in both aspects at first, but stabilize thereafter due to maintaining static muscle contractions. The pattern of changes in heart rate and blood pressure are expected to vary due to different intensities and body demands during static and dynamic exercises.
Methods/Materials Materials used ● Cycle ergometer ● Treadmill ● Hand grip dynamometer ● Cycle ergometer ● Lab instructions ● Writing utensils ● Stethoscope ● Spogonometer ● Stop watch Through a varying 4 exercises, 2 static and 2 dynamic, heart rate and blood pressure were taken before all 4 for the control group for each exercise. Starting with dynamic exercises, the subject was to walk on a treadmill at 3 mph for 2 minutes at each intensity in 4 waves. Increasing from 0 incline to 3, 5, 7 and finally 10 blood pressure was taken every 2 minutes at each level before increasing. Next a cycle ergometer test was performed. The subject was to pedal to measure any resistance. Blood pressure and heart rate are taken again after 2 minutes at each intensity following the resistance of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and finally 2.0. The participant that was actually doing each exercise had the sphygmomanometer on at all times so that systolic and diastolic pressure could be taken at each two minute mark. A stethoscope was placed on the brachial artery to observe these pressures. As for heart rate one observer placed their index finger on the radial artery for 10 seconds and then multiplied that number by 6 to get their BPM for that given time. Each observer took turns either measuring blood pressure, heart rate or recording the data collected by the other two and recording it in the order it was tested. For static exercises five trials were done to show fatigue and cardiovascular response to this. The lower-leg dynamometer with a slight bend in the knees, shoulders over toes, arms locked out and feet flat. Each trial the subject would pull the chain constantly trying to straighten legs while keeping a hinge at the hips, resting heart rate, blood pressure and “weight score” were recorded each time it was performed. Similarly, the hand grip test involved the measurement of the same three things, heart rate, blood pressure and “weight score.” The subject would squeeze and hold
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