SPH Lesson 3 assignment

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Rio Salado Community College *

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29321

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History

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Jun 14, 2024

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docx

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1. Define the “Black Legend.” Why were other European countries so jealous of Spain in the 16th century? (2 points) The Black Legend refers to the Spanish practice of erasing all of Spain's shortcomings; this was done to calm the jealousy of other European nations over the spread of religion in the new world. Their large empire in the new globe also made them envious. 2. Explain what the article described as the first modern propaganda campaign. Include what bishop Bartolome de Las Casas wrote and the reasons why he wrote what he did. As a priest, who was he trying to protect? (3 points ) Dark-skinned Mexican mestizos, according to Bishop Bartolome, had inherited the worst traits from both Spanish and Indian ancestors, creating a race that was even more reprehensible than that of either parent. As the kind protectors of the southwest, the bishop was attempting to defend the Spanish. The bishop also understood that his writings were read in England and the American colonies. They would develop their perception of these Mexican Americans in the Southwest, so as immigration expanded to the West, they already had a concept of those people. 3. “Ironically, Spain’s sense of religious mission, and the broad freedom of speech it permitted in its colonies, helped foster the ‘Black Legend’” (as noted in your textbook). Explain this quote. (2 points) The passage refers to the "Black Legend," a historical account that paints the Spanish as exploitative, vile, and brutal in their colonization attempts. The irony is that this unfavorable perception was partly fostered by Spain's religious mission and the freedom of speech it permitted in her colonies. The Spanish saw their conquests as justification for their conduct because they were part of a holy mission to enlighten the globe. However, the narratives and stories about their harsh and oppressive methods were able to proliferate because of the freedom of speech they allowed in their colonies. Despite their conviction that their actions were in the best interests of humanity overall, these tales contributed to the "Black Legend" and gave the Spanish a bad reputation. 4. Some Spaniards were cruel, lazy, treasure-hungry adventurers. So, too, were some Englishmen (Weber, p. 69). Explain this quote based on what you have read about the “Black Legend.” (2 points) The quotation refers to the "Black Legend," a historical account that describes the Spaniards as rapacious and brutal invaders of the New World. Other European nations participating in colonial activities, especially the English, contributed to the perpetuation of this reputation. According to the quote, certain Englishmen were likewise guilty of the same crimes, such as brutality and avarice, as did Spaniards.This misconception influenced the way the opposing side viewed the Mexicans in the Southwest. According to rumors and readings passed down from person to person, the Spanish essentially pillaged and plundered Central and South America of its cultural and financial richness. Even worse treatment was inflicted upon half breed progeny than on the mothers of their original blood. It was understandable that Mexicans of mixed blood could not succeed in comparison to European colonists migrating westward, given the horrors inflicted upon the indigenous people by the Spanish. Both the Mexican nobility and the Spanish overlooked those of mixed blood. Both sides believed that those of mixed blood belonged to the other side. 5. Look at the world from the perspective of 15th-century Spain. What measures did the Spanish crown take to protect Native Americans in the “New World”? Fully explain two examples with relevant details from the article. (4 points) The Native Americans in the "New World" were protected by the Spanish monarchy through a number of initiatives. Strict directives were issued against mistreating the Aboriginal people as one of these methods. The fact that this was a royal order shows how highly valued the welfare of the Aboriginal people was. But some Spanish people continued to mistreat the indigenous people in spite of these instructions, demonstrating how difficult it is to enforce such laws. The Spanish crown also took action to

ensure that the indigenous people had access to food and clothing. This was an important step since it guaranteed the locals' survival and contributed to the development of good ties between the Spanish and the natives.The indigenous people were likewise exposed to Christianity by the Spanish crown. The "New World" was home to very few Spanish people, hence this action was taken to secure and grow the Spanish empire. It's also possible that the introduction of Christianity was considered a means of 'civilizing' the aboriginal people and incorporating them into the Spanish way of life.The Spanish also taught the Indians how to farm. This was an attempt to encourage self-sufficiency among the indigenous people and lessen their dependence on the Spanish empire. To preserve the Indians' allegiance, the Spaniards made sure they still needed the Spanish crown. To summarize, the Spanish crown implemented many strategies to safeguard the Native Americans in the "New World", such as issuing directives against maltreatment, supplying basic necessities, establishing Christianity, and imparting farming skills. But these actions were also intended to increase the Spanish empire's dominance and win the support of the indigenous people. 6. A common misconception is that the first European settlers in what is now the American Southwest were “pure Spaniards.” This is not true. In one complete paragraph, explain what “mestizaje” and “Mestizo” mean. Include information you learned from pages 17 and 33-35 in your textbook. You will need to define the term “mestizo” and provide examples using the first census of Los Angeles. (5 points) The terms "mestizo" and "mestizaje" are central to understanding the racial and cultural dynamics of the early American Southwest. "Mestizo" refers to a person of mixed race, specifically one who is half Native American and half Spanish. This term emerged during the colonial period to categorize the offspring of Spanish and Native American unions."Mestizaje," on the other hand, refers to the process of racial and cultural mixing. This term acknowledges the complex racial dynamics of the region, which were not solely defined by "pure" Spanish or Native American identities. Instead, the Southwest was characterized by a blending of these cultures, as well as others. For instance, the term "mulatto" was used to describe individuals of mixed black and Spanish descent. The first census of Los Angeles provides a clear example of this mestizaje. It revealed a population that was far from homogeneously Spanish. Instead, it included individuals of mixed race, including mestizos and mulattos. This racial diversity was sometimes the result of violent encounters, such as rape, but it could also be the result of intermarriage encouraged by the Spanish crown as a means of solidifying control over a particular area.In sum, the terms "mestizo" and "mestizaje" challenge the misconception of the Southwest as a region solely populated by "pure" Spaniards, revealing a complex history of racial and cultural mixing. 7. Thinking critically, compare and contrast the views that Anglos had of Mexican society on the frontier with the views that some Mexicans had of Yankees in their lands. Use Rufus B. Sage, pages 71-75, and Jose Maria Sanchez, pages 81-83. (Sanchez was a military man sent from Mexico City to assess the situation in Texas with new settlers). Make sure to write two detailed paragraphs and include why the difference of opinions is important regarding the fact that many Mexicans were considered Mestizos. (8 points) Based on the writer's visual observations, Anglos perceived Mexicans as filthy and indolent, living in mud houses, according to Rufus B. Sage's writings. Sage provided an inaccurate account because, when he visited a small Spanish frontier community, it was less developed than a Spanish settlement like Santa Fe, which had a higher standard of living and a better organized social system. As a result, as settlers moved west, they brought with them preconceived notions about Mexicans living on the frontier, which were again based on Sage's brief journey to northern New Mexico (Taos). However, history has changed over many decades, and this portrayal of Mexicans living in the frontier was inaccurate. Mexicans were not as ignorant as was commonly believed; they had haciendas, were ranchers, and worked the soil. Jose Maria Sanchez was dispatched to Texas to see how the newcomers were doing. He believed that the Anglos were violent, slothful people who kept slaves, or Negros, to till their land for them. The slaves themselves were also subjected to cruel treatment. In his reports, he also said that they were not kind when it came to accommodation; instead, they would let guests sleep outside and flaunt their money by acting haughty. Thus, opinions about each other were shared by both parties. As a result, when Mestizos formed an opinion about Anglo people, they too believed that Mestizos were sluggish, ignorant people. Therefore, if Sage and Sanchez had been to different cities with well-established political and cultural

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