Group #13_ Project #1 (1)

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Group #13, Project #1 From Reconstruction to the end of World War II, African Americans' lives in the United States were significantly transformed for both men and women. Despite the challenges faced by African Americans in the fight for civil rights and equality, much progress was made in terms of political rights, cultural developments, and social recognition. Era: Reconstruction from 1865 to 1877 Name of the event: Rise of Black Institutions and Churches- BL Date of the event: 1865 Image URL : https://encyclopediavirginia.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/11430hpr_a65d4e32faf8808- 1024x776.jpg Description : African-American cultural change was shaped by Black institutions and churches from 1865 to 1900. The newly emancipated African-American community relied on these institutions to support community growth and social harmony. Through their advocacy for knowledge and social justice, they became important centers of education for African Americans. Leadership and political activism were fostered in black churches by rising leaders. These institutions also promoted African-American cultural pride and identity through the creation of arts, music, and literature. As the African-American community expanded, developed, and preserved its cultural heritage, Black institutions, and churches flourished, leaving a lasting legacy. Source : 1. Eric Foner, Give me Liberty!: An American History, Brief 6th Edition, Vol. 2 (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2019), 438. 2. https://encyclopediavirginia.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/11430hpr_a65d4e32faf8808- 1024x776.jpg Connections 1) Rise of Black Institutions and Churches- BL to The Harlem Renaissance- BL, "As Black institutions and churches have grown, a supportive environment has been created for African-American cultural emergence, intellectual advancement, and community development. Through their preservation and promotion of African-American culture and history, they contributed to the flourishing of artistic and intellectual expression that occurred during the Harlem Renaissance. Harlem Renaissance, one of the most significant cultural movements in the history of African Americans, emerged from the rich cultural heritage fostered within these institutions. -BL" Source: Eric Foner, Give me Liberty!: An American History, Brief 6th Edition, Vol. 2 (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2019), 627-629. Name of the event: Frederick Douglass: What the Black Man Wants (KG) Date of the event: 04/1865 Image URL : https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/cliovis-uploads/e5f8f9ead9e4491886f6b87a996efcb3.jpeg Description : The year of 1865 marked the historical period of time known as Reconstruction, a word that signified the rebuilding of a shattered nation. The end of the four year long Civil War between the North and the South also meant the end of slavery nationwide. African Americans for the first time in nearly ninety years were free from the subjugation of slave life, but that did not essentially mean they had complete freedom like their white neighbors. It took many years after emancipation for African Americans to have the same rights and opportunities as other Americans. In his 1865 speech “What the Black Man Wants,” former slave and famous abolitionist Frederick Douglass offers words for the grievances of black men during this time. To the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, he demands voting rights and civil equality for Black Americans: “What I ask for the Negro is not benevolence, not pity, not sympathy, but simply justice.” Source : “What the Black Man Wants | Facing History and Ourselves.” Www.facinghistory.org. https://www.facinghistory.org/resource-library/what-black-man-wants. Connections 1) Frederick Douglass: What the Black Man Wants (KG) to Texas Black Codes (KG), "These two events are

significant in Postbellum American history. While Black Americans were still fighting for complete freedom and autonomy following emancipation, White Americans (mostly in the South) were strongly fighting against their assimilation into free America. In Douglass' speech, when referring to freed Black men he states "The American people have always been anxious to know what they shall do with us..." which he replies "Do nothing with us!... All I ask is, give him a chance to stand on his own legs! Let him alone!" All Blacks wanted was the freedom that White people had been granted for years. But the South was insistent on continuing the inferiority of Blacks. Instead of the freedom to vote, to hold office, to be on a jury, and so on, the exact opposite was done. -KG" Source: BlackPast. 2010. “(1866) Texas Black Codes.” Black Past. December 17, 2010. https://www.blackpast.org/african-american- history/1866-texas-black-codes/. “What the Black Man Wants | Facing History and Ourselves.” Www.facinghistory.org. https://www.facinghistory.org/resource-library/what-black-man-wants. Name of the event: Texas Black Codes (KG) Date of the event: 1866 Image URL : https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/cliovis-uploads/f97655c31f8341bb987bafbaa2280b93.jpeg Description : White Americans in the South were determined to hinder any social or political progress made by Black Americans following the Civil War. In the 1866 Constitutional Convention, Texas was one of the many states that implemented Black Codes as an attempt to restrict the freedom and autonomy of African Americans. The written and adopted legislation limited certain basic rights, including the right to vote, hold office, serve on juries, marry whites, and providing public land to blacks. Employers were also given the right to lower wages of an employee guilty of certain crimes and to impose corporal punishment to force an apprentice to work. Black Codes were one of the many ways Southern states tried to mirror Antebellum South and restore slavery. Source : BlackPast. 2010. “(1866) Texas Black Codes.” Black Past. December 17, 2010. https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/1866-texas-black-codes/. Connections 1) Frederick Douglass: What the Black Man Wants (KG) to Texas Black Codes (KG), "These two events are significant in Postbellum American history. While Black Americans were still fighting for complete freedom and autonomy following emancipation, White Americans (mostly in the South) were strongly fighting against their assimilation into free America. In Douglass' speech, when referring to freed Black men he states "The American people have always been anxious to know what they shall do with us..." which he replies "Do nothing with us!... All I ask is, give him a chance to stand on his own legs! Let him alone!" All Blacks wanted was the freedom that White people had been granted for years. But the South was insistent on continuing the inferiority of Blacks. Instead of the freedom to vote, to hold office, to be on a jury, and so on, the exact opposite was done. -KG" Source: BlackPast. 2010. “(1866) Texas Black Codes.” Black Past. December 17, 2010. https://www.blackpast.org/african-american- history/1866-texas-black-codes/. “What the Black Man Wants | Facing History and Ourselves.” Www.facinghistory.org. https://www.facinghistory.org/resource-library/what-black-man-wants. Era: Gilded Age from 1877 to 1900 Name of the event: Dispatch from a Colored Farmers’ Alliance (LH) Date of the event: 1889 Image URL : https://encyclopediavirginia.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/12674hpr_2d14eefa641be66- 1024x822.jpg Description : With the surge of economic growth during the Gilded Age came a new era of working class revolts. Organizations such as the Knights of Labor and the Farmers' Alliance were formed to help workers support each other and fight for their rights while united. The Colored Farmers' Alliance in the South, although united, experienced outright violence compared to their white alliance counterpart. Due to the "redeeming the white south" mindset many had, there was an increase of violent racist acts in the South. The white citizens wrote a narrative that the African Americans involved in the Farmers' Alliance stores were "ignorant and dangerous" and therefore needed to be shut down. In Minter City, 1899, white farmers blamed the black members of the alliance for increased prices, and banded together and tracked them down, killing at least 20 men at gunpoint. The South was still divided from other parts of the US, and the excerpt from the paper The Forum discusses how it was ironic that these white farmers

would kill with no remorse in order to protect their nation, yet the National Farmers' Alliance had both black and white members. The situation underscored the fact that racial discrimination still exists, even among those who seek the same cause. In spite of the progress made, racial inequality and racial division remain major problems in the United States. Source : The Forum, vol. 9 (New York: Forum Publishing Company, 1889), 716-717 Name of the event: Booker T. Washington: Atlanta Compromise (CH) Date of the event: 09/18/1895 Image URL : https://media.newyorker.com/photos/5909772a2179605b11ad867c/master/w_1920,c_limit/ 090202_r18165_p646.jpg Description : The beginning of the 20th century marked the start of a new time in the United States, the Progressive Era. This was a particularly important time for minority groups in America, including African American people. While society began to change, however, there were still apparent limitations on who was a part of that progress. Racism still dominated even within White progressives, but African American progressivism still rose, and with it, many important historical figures who hold much impact and significance even to this day. Booker T. Washington was among the men, one of the most influential spokesmen of the late nineteenth and early 20th century. Born a slave, Washington advocated for African American rights in a new way. Instead of agitating white policies, Blacks should focus on their own economic and social uplift within their own communities. In 1895 he gave a speech come to be known as the “Atlanta Compromise,” detailing his passion and strategy for achieving racial equality: “In all the things that are purely social we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress.” Source : 1. Eric Foner, Give me Liberty!: An American History, Brief 6th Edition, Vol. 2 (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2019), 517. 2. Sanneh, Kelefa. “The Wizard.” The New Yorker, January 26, 2009. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2009/02/02/the-wizard. Connections 1) Booker T. Washington: Atlanta Compromise (CH) to W.E.B DuBois: Niagara Movement Speech (CH), "Figures such as Washington were part of the reason DuBois was so charged up. He urged for African Americans to actively fight for equal political and civil rights. This was very different to Washington's more calm approach to uplift within their own communities. CH" Source: 1. Eric Foner, Give me Liberty!: An American History, Brief 6th Edition, Vol. 2 (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2019), 517. Name of the event: The National Association of Colored Women (BJ) Date of the event: 1896 Image URL : https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1445966668833- 46NJ389UCCTA9NJK2B2D/67_expanded_gallery3.jpg?format=1500w Description : In the years following the civil war, African American women began to form social clubs and community organizations to promote cultural enrichment and address social issues. Despite being leaders in advocacy, Black women were heavily excluded from white social organizations, which led to the creation of the National Association of Colored Women (NAWC). The National Association of Colored Women was founded in 1896. They aimed to uplift the lives of African Americans and advocate for women’s rights. This organization’s motto was “Lifting as We Climb,” further emphasizing how they played a critical role in empowering women of color in a time of undeniable discrimination. The NACW heavily stressed the importance of education, and they also worked to provide scholarships for African-American students. The NACW became the largest federation of local Black women’s clubs. This organization played a vital role in encouraging the activism of Black women and acted as a catalyst for social progress. The persistence of this organization played a significant role in the struggle for civil rights and gender equality throughout the 20th century. Source : 1. Lange, Allison. “National Association of Colored Women.” History of U.S. Woman’s Suffrage, 2015. https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/nacw. 2. Eric Foner, Give me Liberty!: An American History, Brief 6th Edition, Vol. 2 (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2019), 517 Connections

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