US History Notes Chapter 7-9 Kareem Basha

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Kareem Basha Mr. Barraco US History to 1877 10/15/2023 Chapters 7-9 ● Thomas Paine's influential pamphlet "Common Sense" (1776) argued that hereditary monarchy was irrational and citizens should elect leaders based on merit. He advocated for replacing monarchy with a republican form of government. (p. 166) ● Republicans believed virtuous, educated citizens should elect leaders to represent them, rather than be ruled by a hereditary monarch. Republicanism was an alternative to both monarchy and direct democracy. (p. 166) ● Republicans feared mob rule and believed only propertied, educated gentlemen should participate in government. This exhibited a bias toward elite rule, not universal suffrage. (p. 166) ● George Washington was seen as the ideal republican leader because of his virtue, military leadership, and disinterest in power. After the war, he resigned his commission and returned to his estate at Mount Vernon, modeling his behavior on Cincinnatus from Roman times who also retired from public service. (p. 167) ● The Declaration of Independence's ideology of universal equality did not match the reality of slavery continuing widely in the new United States. This contradiction troubled leaders like Thomas Jefferson. (p. 167)

● Abigail Adams, Judith Sargent Murray and Mercy Otis Warren challenged traditional gender roles through their writings and advocacy for women's education and legal rights, but women still could not vote or hold office after the Revolution. (p. 168-169) ● Slavery persisted in the North, though some state courts issued gradual emancipation rulings. Northern societies like the Pennsylvania Abolition Society advocated for abolition. Approximately 36,000 people remained enslaved in the North by 1800. (p. 169-170) ● Most revolutionaries viewed Native Americans as enemies and barriers to expansion. Natives lost significant land and power through treaties and conflicts after the war, continuing the pre-war pattern. (p. 170) ● Each state wrote a new constitution defining government structure and political participation. Conservative Whigs like John Adams feared mob rule and anarchy from too much democracy, while radical Whigs wanted expanded political participation beyond just elites. (p. 176) ● Pennsylvania's 1776 constitution eliminated property requirements for voting and holding office, while Massachusetts' 1780 constitution had high property requirements for voters and officials to limit participation. (p. 177) ● The Articles of Confederation in 1781 created a weak central government with little power over state governments. This led to economic problems from lack of power to tax or regulate interstate commerce. (p. 178-179) ● Shays' Rebellion in 1786-87 demonstrated the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation government. This helped spur plans for the Constitutional Convention. (p. 180)

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