Outline 2

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Oct 30, 2023

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2nd OUTLINE: THE INTERNATIONAL EXPANSION OF THE CINEMA ● After 1905, film industry became more stable and formalized ● Italy and Denmark became major players in the cinematic world 1905-1912 Film Production in Europe France:Path versus Gaumont ● Pathe and Gaumont were the 2 big players in French industry ● Pathe was a very large multinational firm with both horizontal and vertical integration ● Film was growing in popularity because of decreased work weeks. The middle class watched french films ● Pathe made their own equipment. They also developed a method for coloring films ● “Boireau” series, “Rigadin” films, and Max Linder series were Pathes biggest hits ● Louis Feuillade took over Gaumont’s filmmaking operations after Alice Guy left and became one of the most important silent film makers ● The Film d’Art company produced for the elite audiences and set the standard for what is now considered an art film. ● By 1910 most films were shown in large theaters Italy: Growth through Spectacle ● Cirnes, Ambrosio, and Itala were the main Italian fillm companies ● Italy was quick to adopt cinema as showcased by the fact that they were one of the first countries to build many large cinemas, and by their early shift towards the art film style

● One of the first film industries where making films with multiple reels was common ● Italian films were popular internationally. By 1910, 2nd to France only in exports ● Italian firms poached French filmmakers for their own ranks in response to a lack of Italian film experience initially Denmark: Nordisk and Ole Olsen ● The Danish industry was virtually entirely Ole Olsen’s Nordisk company. He bought out or drove competitors out of business ● The Danish films were very popular internationally. Asta Nielsen, a star in a film called The Abyss by a small competitor became one of the first international film stars ● The first World War choked out the Danish film industry Other Countries ● Japan began making films in 1908 ● England was minor, but still significant player ● The German industry really didn’t take off until 1913 ● No other countries could challenge France, USA, Denmark, Italy The Struggle for the Expanding American Film Industry ● Pre-WW1, the US did not dominate the international market like it does today ● Also, there was still ferocious competition for the domestic market The Nickeodeon Boom ● The nickelodeon was a bare bones small theater that had a low price of entry ● This low price made film consumption available to the masses

● Louis B. Mayer, William Fox, Adolph Zukor, Warner Brothers, and Carl Laemmle, all huge names in the foundation of Hollywood, got their start in the nickelodeon business ● The nickelodeons could show as many as 450 films a year so the demand was integral for the flourishing of my national film industries The Motion Picture Patents Company versus the Independents ● Edison and AM&B were fierce competitors who litigated against each other to gain dominance ● Eventually the two companies decided to work together, in the face of an explosion of start up film companies. They founded the Motion Picture Patents Company in order to keep competitors under them and force them to pay fees licensing fees under the threat of litigation ● MPPC locked out many international film companies ● Eventually, independents fought back against MPPC and won a legal case. The band of independents that fought MPPC were the start of a Hollywood Social Pressures and Self-Censorship ● There was a push back on films as they portayed a lot of violence and adultery ● The MPPC submitted themselves voluntarily to self censorship, in part to stave off laws on censorship and in part to gain respect ● As films looked to get cleaner they looked to Shakespeare and other famous literary influences for narrative inspiration

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