INDG 1220 Unit activities 6-10

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Unit Activities 6-10 Megan Tremblay University of Manitoba INDG 1220-D02: Indigenous Peoples in Canada, Part 1 Instructor: Honoure Black November 22, 2023

Unit 6: Activity 2 What was the impact of the War of 1812 on Indigenous Peoples? 1. What were the short and long-term causes of the War of 1812? Prior to the war, indigenous tribes such as the Shawnee, Creek, and Tecumseh's Confederacy had been actively resisting American expansion into their territories. However, with the outbreak of war between Britain and the United States, these tribes were forced to choose sides. Many indigenous tribes sided with the British during the war due to their promises of protection and support against American encroachment. These issues led to growing tensions between Britain and America. Long-term causes include territorial disputes between America and Britain over land in present-day Canada and the Northwest Territory. The desire for westward expansion also played a role as Americans sought access to fertile lands held by indigenous tribes. In conclusion, while indigenous peoples initially saw some benefits from aligning with British forces during the War of 1812, they ultimately suffered long-term consequences as a result of their involvement. The short-term causes of this conflict revolved around issues such as impressment and trade restrictions, while long-term causes included territorial disputes and westward expansion aspirations by Americans. 2. What role did Indigenous peoples play in the War of 1812? The War of 1812 had a significant impact on indigenous peoples in North America. Indigenous nations were caught in the crossfire between the British and American forces, as both sides sought to gain their support or neutralize their influence. The war further exacerbated tensions between indigenous nations and European settlers, leading to increased violence and displacement. Indigenous peoples played a complex role in the War of 1812. During the war, indigenous warriors fought alongside British troops against American forces. However, despite their contributions to the war effort, indigenous peoples ultimately suffered severe consequences. This loss of land led to further displacement and forced assimilation efforts by settlers. In conclusion, while indigenous peoples played various roles in the War of 1812 based on their individual circumstances and alliances, they ultimately faced negative consequences as a result of this conflict. The war deepened existing tensions between European settlers and indigenous nations and resulted in further loss of land for Native Americans across North America. Discuss the position that Indigenous peoples were left in after the conclusion of the War of 1812. As the conflict between the United States and Britain came to an end, indigenous nations found themselves caught between two expanding powers, both eager to assert control over their lands. Prior to the war, many indigenous nations had formed alliances with either the British or

American forces, hoping to secure their own interests. The Treaty of Ghent, which ended the war, did not address indigenous concerns or land claims. As a result, indigenous peoples were left vulnerable to encroachment and dispossession by both American settlers and British authorities. Indigenous nations faced increasing pressure to cede their lands through unfair treaties or face military force. In conclusion, after the conclusion of the War of 1812, indigenous peoples found themselves in a difficult position as they struggled to maintain their sovereignty and protect their lands from encroachment by both American settlers and British authorities. The lack of recognition for indigenous rights in post-war treaties only furthered their vulnerability and set a precedent for future conflicts over land ownership. Unit 7: Activity 1: Who are the Métis? 1. Who are the Métis? The Métis people are a distinct Indigenous group in Canada, with a rich and complex history. Vowel explores the origins, culture, and identity of the Métis. Vowel begins by explaining that the term "Métis" refers to individuals who are of mixed Indigenous and European ancestry. The author emphasizes that being Métis is not solely about genealogy but also about cultural identity. The Métis have their own language (Michif), traditions, and way of life that distinguishes them from both Indigenous and European communities. Vowel also highlights the struggles faced by the Métis throughout history, including discrimination and marginalization. In conclusion, Vowel's article provides valuable insights into the identity and history of the Métis people. 1. How has the terminology referring to these people and their membership changed? The Metis people are a distinct Indigenous group in Canada with a rich history and unique cultural identity. How Has The Terminology Referring To These People And Their Membership Changed?", she explores this evolution. Initially, the term "Metis" referred to individuals of mixed Indigenous and European ancestry, specifically French and Cree. Over time, the understanding of Metis identity expanded to include individuals of mixed

Indigenous and European heritage from various backgrounds. Today, many organizations recognize self-identification as a valid criterion for Metis membership. In conclusion, the terminology referring to the Metis people and their membership has undergone significant changes over time. This evolution reflects a broader understanding of Metis identity that includes individuals from diverse ancestral backgrounds. Additionally, there has been a shift away from strict genealogical criteria towards recognizing self- identification as a valid measure of belonging to the Metis community. 2. What is the danger inherent in the “Métis-as-mixed” stereotype? And, what should be emphasized instead of “mixed-race/blood”? Discuss. The term "Métis" refers to a distinct group of people in Canada who are of mixed Indigenous and European ancestry. In her article, Vowel (2016) explores the danger inherent in the "Métis-as-mixed" stereotype and argues for a shift in emphasis away from the concept of "mixed-race/blood." The danger lies in reducing Métis identity solely to their mixed heritage. Instead of emphasizing "mixed-race/blood," Vowel suggests highlighting other important aspects such as culture, language, and community ties. Furthermore, Vowel argues that understanding Métis identity requires acknowledging their political status as a distinct Indigenous group with inherent rights. In conclusion, it is essential to challenge the "métis-as-mixed" stereotype by emphasizing cultural aspects rather than focusing solely on mixed heritage. This shift will allow for a more nuanced understanding of Métis identity while recognizing their unique contributions to Canadian society. Unit 8: Activity 1: The Treaty Periods

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