C121 Task 3

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Western Governors University *

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C121

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History

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Dec 6, 2023

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docx

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Noori 1 Rahana Shaheen Noori C121 Task 3 15 th November 2022 Question-A1 During Reconstruction, former slaves had the chance to explore their new freedom. “After the federal troops arrived to confirm that the rumors of their emancipation were true, former slaves sang together in the night. Grandma was really angry when she saw her mistress and she got right up in her face. “I’m free!” she yelled. Yes, I am free to do what I want. We're not working for you anymore. We're moving on to find our families or just start over somewhere else. The slaves learned to be cautious of white people, because they knew that they would sometimes be met with hostility. However, they never expected it to disappear overnight”. Many freed people were very careful about who they chose to work for. After trying to find better lives for themselves, most black people ended up working on their old farms or plantations. Since former slaves didn't have any money, they usually chose to rent land. The South had few sources of credit, and few people would rent to black people. Black farmers and white landowners agreed to sharecrop, a system in which the landlord or merchant provided food and supplies for the farmer, and received a share of the crop in return. The white landowners and black farmers talked to each other about what they should do. As the system matured, most sharecroppers worked "on halves" - half for the owner and half for themselves. (Norton, 2015) “The Fifteenth Amendment, passed in 1870, makes all people born in the United States citizens. Some people in African-American communities rejoiced when the US Supreme Court ruled that voting rights are a fundamental right”. However, this ruling doesn't mean that every state has to allow everyone to vote, or that there can't be any restrictions on who can vote. (Norton, 2015) The post–Civil War South was its own world, with its own rules for how to get and use resources. People there had to figure out how to make money and how to keep control of the land. “After the war, farmers grew cotton, but expensive seeds and farming equipment, along with low crop prices, taxes, and debt, left many white southerners in poverty. African Americans had a harder time than other people during this time period because they experienced racism in addition to economic difficulties”. (Norton, 2015) Question-B Life changed a lot when machines became a part of it. “Telephones and typewriters made it easier for people to communicate with each other without being in the same room, which made face-to-face communication less important. Electric sewing machines allowed clothes to be made quickly and in large quantities. Refrigeration and canning help to keep food fresh and prevent it from spoiling”.

As machines became more advanced, factories began using them to do more of the work. This meant that they needed fewer workers, so they started hiring fewer people. “If a company wants to make a profit, it needs to be efficient in how it produces things. In the past, workers had control over how things were produced. But by the 1890s, experts like engineers and managers were using things like standardization to reduce the need for human skills”. (Norton, 2015) Question-C1 Many of the ideas behind Progressive reform came from religious beliefs. “A movement called the Social Gospel was led by Protestant ministers Walter Rauschenbusch, Washington Gladden, and Charles Sheldon. This movement tried to make the world a better place by involving Christian churches in things like helping to settle arguments between workers and employers, and improving conditions for poor people. The Social Gospelers believed that helping others was the way to salvation, and that by doing so they would create God's kingdom on earth. Some people tried to help immigrants and Indians by giving them more opportunities to go to school, get a good job, and learn about different cultures”. The people were trying to help others, but their efforts were undermined because they were forcing their own values on people from different cultures. Some working-class Catholic and Jewish immigrants didn't like when rich people tried to tell them how to raise their kids. (Norton, 2015) Question-C2 There were a lot of changes that happened during the Progressive Era, and two of them were the Labor Reform movement and the Prohibition. These helped to improve things for workers and social behavior respectively. “In many states, laws were enacted that required factories to be inspected, and also required companies to compensate workers who were injured in accidents. By 1916, nearly two-thirds of all states had these laws in place. The National Child Labor Committee put pressure on states to set a minimum age for employment and to limit the number of hours that children could work. Labor laws were not perfect, but they were still helpful. The government didn't usually allow people to closely inspect factories, but enforcement required it. Some families lied about their children's ages to get them jobs, in order to make more money. (Norton, 2015) Reformers did not always agree about whether laws should regulate behavior such as drinking and sexual conduct. The Anti-Saloon League and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union were both organizations that worked to raise awareness about the harmful effects of alcohol”. They did this by publicizing how alcohol could contribute to health and family problems. The league was successful in getting people to focus on the fact that drinking doesn't cause accidents, poverty, or poor productivity. Many states and localities restricted liquor consumption because of the war on saloons. One fourth of the people in the United States did not allow liquor to be sold where they lived in 1900. (Norton, 2015) Question-C3 “The Crusades were a series of wars fought by Christians in an effort to take back control of the Holy Land from the Muslims. These wars had a big impact on European

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