EDUC 815 Week 4 Nell
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School
American Public University *
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Course
815
Subject
History
Date
Dec 6, 2023
Type
docx
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3
Uploaded by Cire0102
EDUC 815
A
RTICLE
C
RITIQUE
T
EMPLATE
Sabina Nell
Instructions:
After reviewing the website article for the assigned module, answer each question
below in no more than 3 sentences.
Questions:
1.
Correctly reference the article using current APA format.
Phillips, S., & Silverman, S. (2012). Development of an Instrument to Assess Fourth and Fifth
Grade Students’ Attitudes Toward Physical Education.
Measurement in Physical
Education & Exercise Science
,
16
(4), 316–327.
2.
What is the purpose of the study?
According to Phillips & Silverman (2012), youths increase in weight is correlated with
their attitude toward physical education which has also resulted in decreased physicaly
activity among youth.
Therefore the purpose of the study was to develop an instrument
that would asses fourth and fith grade students attitudes toward physical education and
yield reliable and valid scores (Phillips & Silverman, 2012).
3.
List the hypotheses; then, underline and label the corresponding independent/dependent
variables or predictor/criterion variables. Are there any covariates? If so, name them.
According to Phillips and Silverman (2012), there is an instrument developed that
measures the attituded of middle and highschoolers attitude toward physical education
but not elementary students. The Hypothesis in the study was based on that
what kind of
the instrucment development can be created and established to measure the students
attitudes toward physical education with the emphasis of fourth and fith grade students.
Physical education and the level of it is the independent variable
while the atittudes
toward it where the dependent variable.
4.
What research design is used and why?
According to Phillips & Silverman (2012), the research design was composed of multi-
phases: elicitation study and instrument question development, pilot study and series of
analyses to asses, construct and content validy and to assess reliability.
It was the multi-
phase study because it required the creation of the new instrument that would target
younger population that never been studied in regards to attitudes and physical education.
According to Phillips & Silverman (2012) during elicitiaotn study students were given a
chance to write their own words that they liked and disliked about physical education.
This gave researchers an opportunity to adapt the vocabulary into an instrument to the
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EDUC 815
age appropriate group and have the instrument literacy reviewed by professionals in the
field. In addition, the researchers completed a pilot study in order to run data and alter the
instrument based on the data and feedback, which resulted in some language
modification as well as questions being omitted or added and subfactors receiving
strength.
The researchers utilized the validity instrument via 39 physical education
teacher educators whom hold doctorate degrees in the field. The return rate was 27 of
the
instruments which resulted in the exclusion of the questions that pertained word exercise.
This was based on the Subramaniam and Silverman (2000) attitude instrument
development, however reserachers built on it through multi-phase research.
5.
What type of sampling method is used?
During elicitation study, 157 students from upper elementary: fourth and fifth grade who.
Participated in a summer camp were asked to write down in their own words what do the
like and dislike about physical education.
During Pilot Study, reserachers sent out 493
rights and assesnt forms for the participants
in fourt suburban schools. The return rate
was 373 assent slips with 367 completed instruments, 303 were sustainable and 64 assent
slips had missing responses (Phillips & Silverman, 2012).
The Pilot Conent Validity
Study and the Validty Study
were given to eight physical education doctoral students.
Validity Study was also sent out upon IRB approval to New York tri City tri-state area,
California and North Carolina to total of 2, 467 fourth and fifth grade students from 13
different school distriction and 17 different schools. The return rate was 1,453 students
and 1,344 were feasible.
6.
What are the names of the instruments (provide a list)? Are the instruments valid and
reliable? Why or why not?
Reserachers first identified Subramaniam and Silverman (2000) 20 question attitude
instrument that was utilized as the basis.
The instrument was based on five-point LIekrt
scale with two concepts: enjoyment and usefulness. There were 8 questions added during
elicitation stage as well as change to construct of the instrument: enjoyment and
usefulness initially had two subfactors from Subramaniam and Silverman (2000), and the
change was to three subfactors: physical education teacher, curriculum and exercise.
7.
Do the author(s) give enough detail regarding the procedure so that the study could be
replicated? How or how not?
The authors gave enough data on the research to be replicated. They provide the basis of
the instrument development, changes and the process of the multi-phase study. In
addition, the authors provided readers with the IRB approval, dissimineation of the
instrument, and return rate. The authors also mentioned the collaboration aspect of the
research study.
8.
What type of statistical analysis is used and why?
During pilot study, the researchers utilized Excel, SPSS, Principal component analysis
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