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Hrasvi Uttam HIS 101 – 01 Dr. Salhi 31 October 2023 Lualdi 8.2 Answer 1. Muslims forced the non-Muslims to pay jizya and promise their loyalty by no spying, holding fugitives, or insulting/abusing a Muslim. In return. They would receive defense from the Muslims and they could practice their own religion freely. Answer 2. Here are a few possible outcomes that conquered people might receive for fulfilling obligations: 1. Security and Protection : In some cases, conquered people might receive security and protection from further attacks or invasions in exchange for fulfilling certain obligations. This was common in ancient empires where conquered territories were expected to provide troops or resources for the conquering empire's defense. 2. Taxation and Tribute : Conquered people might be required to pay taxes or tribute to the conquering power. In exchange, they might receive some degree of local autonomy, allowing them to govern their own affairs. 3. Cultural Exchange and Integration : Conquered people might be assimilated into the conquering culture or civilization, leading to a sharing of ideas, technologies, and knowledge. This exchange could benefit the conquered people in terms of access to new technologies, goods, and ideas.

4. Economic Benefits : In some cases, conquered people might receive economic benefits, such as access to trade routes, markets, or economic opportunities within the larger empire, which could lead to increased prosperity. 5. Legal and Social Rights : Some conquered people might be granted certain legal or social rights within the conquering society. This could include the ability to participate in the legal system, hold property, or have a say in local governance. 6. Religious or Cultural Freedom : Conquered people might be allowed to practice their religion or culture, albeit within certain limits, and without persecution. Answer 3. The system of exchange in Muslim-majority societies suggests a complex relationship with non-believers. While Islam promotes religious tolerance and coexistence, historical practices like the "dhimmi" system reflected a structured approach with certain rights and obligations for non-Muslims. Attitudes toward non-believers have varied over time and across regions, influenced by historical context and political factors. Some periods demonstrated coexistence, while others had more tension. In the modern era, Muslim attitudes toward non- believers remain diverse, with a range of perspectives, from tolerance and respect to more conservative views, reflecting the complex interplay of faith, culture, and historical experiences. Lualdi 10.2 Answer 1. When Henry IV, the Holy Roman Emperor, denounced the Pope as a "false monk," he was attacking the Pope's legitimacy and moral authority during the Investiture Controversy (late 11th century). This derogatory term suggested that Pope Gregory VII had strayed from the

ascetic and spiritual ideals of monastic life, undermining his credibility as a religious leader. Henry IV aimed to diminish the Pope's influence and assert his own authority over the appointment of church officials, highlighting the power struggle between secular rulers and the papacy in medieval Europe. This conflict ultimately led to a compromise in the Concordat of Worms, sharing control over church appointments. Answer 2. Henry IV's denunciations of the Pope as a "false monk" during the Investiture Controversy reflect his view of imperial power. He believed his authority as Holy Roman Emperor was divinely ordained, deriving from God rather than the papacy. His denunciations signaled a belief in the emperor's right to appoint and invest church officials within his realm, asserting secular control over ecclesiastical matters. This revealed his conception of a broad and centralized imperial authority, challenging papal influence in both religious and secular affairs. The Investiture Controversy epitomized the ongoing struggle for supremacy between secular rulers and the papacy in medieval Europe. Answer 3. Henry IV's self-image as Holy Roman Emperor centered on the divine right of kings, asserting that his power was granted by God. He believed he had the authority to appoint church officials within his realm. Gregory VII, however, viewed the papacy as the supreme authority in both spiritual and secular matters, challenging Henry's claims. Gregory's excommunication and deposition of Henry IV reflected his belief in the Pope's power to judge and even remove monarchs. This clash of self-images led to a profound conflict over who held ultimate authority in the Investiture Controversy, a pivotal struggle between the secular and ecclesiastical powers in medieval Europe.

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