APUSH_ShortAnswerAssignment_CivilWarReconstruction
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APUSH Short Answer Assignment Road to Civil War & Reconstruction
Instructions: For this assignment you are required to answer Option 1 and Option 2.
Then you’ll choose one
of the other two short answer questions
to address in a Word document.
Reminders for writing responses to Short Answer Questions:
1.
Write complete sentences in your own words. Bullet points or an outline are unacceptable.
2.
Watch for conventions like punctuation, capitalization and spelling. 3.
For Short Answer Questions on the AP USH exam, you will make a claim, support your claim with
evidence. 4.
Organize your response and label each response ‘a,’ ‘b,’ and ‘c’ (if there is a Part C. 5.
Address all parts of the question. 6.
Focus on what the question is really asking. Stay on topic. Save the document to your computer, close it and then upload it to the Dropbox in your course.
Option 1 (REQUIRED):
Frank Triplett, “The March of Destiny,” 1883. Answer Parts (a), (b), and (c). a. The red running through the limited amount of light, in this image, is the historical view called Manifest Destiny: the strong support for the U.S. expansion into the continent, which was perceived to be the inevitable formation of the country with divine mandate.
b. Shown in the picture, the Louisiana Purchase, in 1803, was a grand contribution to the history
shown. This purchase increased the size of the United States by 2 times, provided new territories for settlement and pushed a expansion farther westward, substituting the Manifest Destiny philosophy of territorial expansion.
c. The picture indicates a process, which is powered by expansionist policy of Manifest Destiny and the competition between the tribes for the ancestral lands of Native Americans, that finally results in genocide of Native Americans. There were conflicts like the Trail of Tears and the Indian Wars which followed and so the Native American people also experienced further losses which often led to their suffering in this particular time from 1844 to 1980.
Option 2 (REQUIRED): “The cargo trade with San Francisco grew briskly, but more dramatic changes came when Chinese, also succumbing to gold fever, raced for California. . . . In 1849, a total of
300 people went, followed by 450 in 1850 and 2,700 in 1851. Many returned with gold, showing that it really existed. Foreign and Chinese shipping merchants whipped up business by circulating placards, maps, and pamphlets greatly exaggerating the availability of gold. The numbers peaked in 1852. [British] Governor Bonham announced
that 30,000 Chinese had embarked from Hong Kong that year. . . .
“Despite the fact that the number of passengers to California leveled off after 1852, the stream of people traveling to and fro across the Pacific . . . never ceased. . . . Even after the gold rush, Chinese continued sailing to the US West Coast to work on the railroads, as well as in lumbering, fisheries and agriculture, and a host of other occupations.”
Elizabeth Sinn, historian, Pacific Crossing: California Gold, Chinese Migration, and the
Making of Hong Kong
, 2013
“The California legislature passed the Foreign Miners’ Tax, a simple code that would compel thousands of miners from Latin American and China to leave the United States. The tax required all miners who were not US citizens to buy a license for the monthly fee of twenty dollars (about four hundred dollars in today’s currency); the tax collector would receive three dollars, and the rest would be split between the county and the state. Irish, English, Canadian, and German miners immediately protested, and the law was quickly rewritten to exempt any ‘free white person’ or any miner who could become
an American citizen. . . .
“At the beginning of 1850, fifteen thousand Mexicans were mining in the southern Sierra Nevada. After the Foreign Miners’ Tax was enacted, ten thousand left the gold fields, most to return to Mexico. The town of Columbia shrank from a lively center of ten
thousand miners and shopkeepers to an abandoned camp of nine or ten men. . . . By 1860, four-fifths of the Latino population had been driven from the gold country.”
Jean Pfaelzer, historian, Driven Out
, 2007
Answer Parts (a), (b), and (c).
a. Immigration laws, to which Sinn and Pfaelzer are referring in their historical perspectives, is, however, likely to be one of the arena conflicts they usually write about. Sinn draws attention to the stories of the Chinese immigrants, while Pfaelzer discusses the effects of the veil of secrecy
on Latinos.
b. The immigration to the Pacific coast in the 1850s and 1860s, depicted in the book "Making
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Waves" by Pfaelzer, differs from the immigration elsewhere in the USA during this period by the targeted application of law enforcement directed at Chinese people. The Domestic Proposition Tax particularly distinguished the non-white immigrants, especially the Latinos and Asians, as contrary to the situation when other states were not colonized by the whites.
c. Sinn found that a consequence of the immigration in the coastal area after the mid-1850s to mid-1860s, was that the state of California saw the rise of multicultural communities, which contributed to the economic growth of the emerging state. Immigrants from China, though mainly, had a daunting contribution in the mining, agriculture and construction of railways, this consequently enforcing the lives of the population and improving the economy in the region
Now you’ll choose one of the options below and respond to it in complete sentences.
Option 3:
“If American sectionalism entered a new phase in 1846, it was neither because North and South clashed for the first time nor because the issue of slavery for the first time assumed importance. As early as the Confederation, North and South had been at odds
....
Once the government under the Constitution went into effect, bitter sectional conflicts raged
....
This sectional rivalry tended to become institutionalized in the opposing [political] organizations
....
No matter which region embraced nationalism and which particularism, sectional conflict remained a recurrent phenomenon.”
David M. Potter, The Impending Crisis, 1848-1861
, published in 1976
“The Civil War represented an utter and unique breakdown of the normal democratic political process. When one section of the country refused to accept the decision of a presidential election, secession and the ensuing war became the great exception to the American political tradition of compromise. The rending of the nation was the one time that conflict seemed too irrepressible, too fundamental, to be contained within common consensual boundaries. Because the war was such an anomaly, both participants and later historians have been fascinated with its causes since the shooting started.”
Michael F. Holt, The Political Crisis of the 1850s
, published in 1978
Answer (a), (b), and (c).
a. The central gap between Potters and Holt’s historical understanding of the Civil War is found in the angle they take on the origins of sectional conflict, and how this relationship is embedded in the political process. Dipper demonstrates how the sectional hostilities were always present long before the civil war started, maybe from the very cradle of American politics. In a different way, Holt sees the Civil War as the ultimate collapse of democracy and of the political process which proved one section unwilling to accept the result of a presidential election this thus led to secession and war.
b. The single historic event or development during the period 1786-1861 that indeed could buttress the views of Potter is the Missouri Compromise of 1820 when partisan politics involving
the North and the South repudiated the union. This resolution revealed the huge difference that
existed between the North and South over the acceptance of slavery in the western territories, but what it exactly addressed was the institutionalization of sectional discord in the American politics.
c. One historical event or phenomenon during this period 1786-1861 which is in line with the aspiration made by Holst is the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Extremely contentious Compromise of the Missouri which replaced the Missouri comprise with a popular sovereignty in
the territories, thus, were accompanied by the armed disputes between the pro-slavery and the anti-slavery advocates in Kansas, making the political compromise impossible and intensifying the secession tensions before the Civil War.
Option 4:
“The era of emancipation and Republican rule did not lack enduring accomplishments. The tide of change rose and then receded, but it left behind an altered landscape. The freedmen’s political and civil equality proved transitory, but the autonomous black family and a network of religious and social institutions survived the end of Reconstruction. Nor could the seeds of educational progress planted then be entirely uprooted. . . . Without Reconstruction, it is difficult to imagine the establishment of a framework of legal rights enshrined in the Constitution that, while flagrantly violated after 1877, created a vehicle for future federal intervention in Southern affairs. Nevertheless, whether measured by the dreams inspired by emancipation or the more limited goals of securing blacks’ rights as citizens and free laborers and establish an enduring Republican presence in the South, Reconstruction must be judged a failure.” Eric Foner, historian, 1988. “Viewed from the standpoint of 1865 the rate of literacy for blacks increased by 200 percent in fifteen years and by 400 percent in thirty-five years. This was significant change. Or take another set of educational data: in 1860 only 2 percent of the black children of school age in the United States were attending school. By 1880 this had increased to 34 percent. . . . Or consider the question of land ownership. . . . In 1865 few blacks owned land in the South. But by 1880, 20 percent of the black farm operators owned part or all of the land they farmed (the rest were renters or sharecroppers). By 1910, 25 percent of the black farmers owned land. . . . The events
of the 1860s in the United States . . . deserve the label revolution. It also was followed by a counterrevolution, which combined white violence in the South with a revival of the Democratic party in the North and a growing indifference of northern Republicans toward the plight of
southern blacks. The counterrevolution overthrew the fledgling experiment in racial equality. But
it did not fully restore the old order.” James McPherson, historian, 1990. Answer (a), (b), and (c).
a. Briefly explain ONE specific historical difference between Foner’s and McPherson’s interpretations. b. Briefly explain how ONE specific historical event or development from the period 1862–1877 not explicitly mentioned in the excerpts could be used to support Foner’s interpretation. c. Briefly explain how ONE specific historical event or development from the period 1862–1877 not explicitly mentioned in the excerpts could be used to support McPherson’s interpretation.
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