Exam 1 (HIST 2) (1)

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Isaiah Johnson Professor Mares HIST 2 10 March 10, 2024 Exam 1 For each of the following terms, provide the following responses: a) Brief description of the relevant historical context (time period, locations, general background) b) People and/or primary source documents that are specifically related to the term c) the historical significance of the term 1. Protestant Reformation 2. Scientific Revolution 3. Ancien Regime 4. Social Contract 5. Reign of Terror 6. Napoleonic Code Essay (70%) The French Revolution and Industrial Revolution, when looked at together, are often referred to by historians as the “Dual Revolution.” This idea promotes the notion that these two near-synchronous events introduced such seismic changes together that they are responsible for introducing the Modern Era in the West. In an essay of at least 300 words, identify and describe the key changes that the French and Industrial Revolutions introduced to life in the West. You may consider political, social, cultural, and ideological developments. You should include specific details and examples, and make use of primary source materials from the Lualdi and/or Hunt texts.

1. Protestant Reformation A.) Historical Context: The primary goal of the Protestant Reformation, a significant European movement that began in the sixteenth century, was to alter the doctrine and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. German theologian and abbot Martin Luther launched his "95 Theses" in 1517, denouncing the Catholic Church and its indulgence-selling practices in particular. Numerous Protestant churches were founded as a result of the movement's rapid expansion throughout Europe. B.) Key Figures/Documents: - Martin Luther: The dissemination of Reformation concepts was greatly aided by his "95 Theses" and other publications. - John Calvin: French theologian whose writings had a significant role in the Reformation, especially in France and Switzerland, which gave rise to the Calvinist subset of Protestantism. - The Edict of Worms (1521): Holy Roman Emperor Charles V imposed an imperial ban on Martin Luther. C.) Historical Significance: The Protestant Reformation drastically changed Europe's religious landscape by dividing Western Christendom into several Christian branches. It aided in the growth of state authority, promoted the establishment of national churches, and had an impact on the political, economic, and educational spheres of society. It also cleared the way for the Catholic Church's Counter-Reformation. 2. Scientific Revolution A.) Historical Context: The Scientific Revolution, which took place mostly in Europe during the 16th and the 18th century, saw significant advancements in science throughout that time. It signaled a profound shift in the way that science understood the universe, including physics, astronomy, biology, human anatomy, and chemistry. B.) Key Figures/Documents: - Nicolaus Copernicus, who proposed the heliocentric model of the cosmos in "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres" (1543). - Galileo Galilei: He questioned Aristotelian physics and promoted Copernican heliocentrism through his observations and publications, such as "Dialogue

Concerning the Two Chief World Systems" (1632). - Isaac Newton, who laid the foundation for classical mechanics with his "Principia Mathematica" (1687). C.) Historical Significance: The Scientific Revolution is important because it laid the groundwork for contemporary science and contributed to the creation of the scientific method. It put old wisdom and authorities to the test, sparking disputes like Galileo's dispute with the Catholic Church. In the quest for knowledge, this era also aided in the Enlightenment by placing a strong emphasis on reason and factual data. 3. Ancien Régime A.) Historical Context: The French social, political, and economic structure existing before to the French Revolution of 1789 is known as the Ancien Régime. The king, nobility, and church ruled throughout this time, which was typified by the late 17th and early 18th centuries. The peasantry and newly formed bourgeoisie were primarily responsible for paying taxes. B.) Key Figures/Documents: - Louis XIV: The absolute monarchy of the Ancien Régime is typified by his reign (1643–1715). - First and Second Estate: The nobles and clergy who were granted benefits, such as being free from a number of taxes. C.) Historical Significance: The inflexibility, inequality, and failure to implement effective reforms of the Ancien Régime led to financial problems and general unrest, which were crucial elements in the start of the French Revolution. French society and government were drastically altered by the Revolution, which paved the way for the development of contemporary democratic institutions as well as ideas about citizenship and rights. 4. Social Contract A.) Historical Context During the Enlightenment, a time of intellectual ferment in the 17th and 18th centuries that focused on individual rights and the nature of government, the idea

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