Written Questions 13_14

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Chapter 13 Explain the justifications for the doctrine of manifest destiny, including material and idealistic motivations. The idea of Manifest Destiny, which held that God intended for the American people to extend their nation from the Atlantic to the Pacific seas, served as the first reason for expansion westward. Native American removal from those territories was a problem for westward expansion, which resulted in the Trail of Tears and the annihilation of one of the most prominent Native American tribes. Gold was discovered in the West in 1851, which is one of the main causes of the sudden influx of people there. The prospect of a better living was probably the main driver behind westward migration. Since so many families in the colonies were impoverished, there was a large-scale migration when the opportunity arose. People had high aspirations for success and thought that gold panning and mining were quick ways to become wealthy. Why did many Americans criticize the Mexican War? How did they see expansion as a threat to American liberties? Because the Mexican War was another conflict in which a powerful nation used force against a weaker one that had little chance of prevailing, many Americans criticized it. Because Americans falsely claimed that Mexicans had committed acts of violence on American soil while, in reality, this did not occur, the start of the conflict was a "false start" and did not provide reasonable suspicion for a war. After the United States triumphed, there was a debate over whether slavery should be allowed to spread into the territory it had just won from Mexico. This debate led to the Compromise of 1850, which declared California a free state, including a law against fugitive slaves, and postponed deciding whether people in Utah and Oregon were still considered slaves. Many people who peacefully opposed the war against Mexico were imprisoned, violating their right to free speech. People started to perceive American politics as more comparable to a monarchy than a republic. How did the concept of race develop by the mid-nineteenth century, and how did it enter into the manifest destiny debate? In the 19th century, race was a concept that included origin, color, culture, class, and religion. The issue of assimilation of numerous non-white Catholics into the United States, who were thought ineligible for citizenship, arose with the annexation of Texas. Native Americans and anyone with African ancestry were denied civil rights under the Texas Constitution. The only people who could buy land were white people, and free black people were not allowed to enter the states at all. The idea that the west was supposed to be a land of opportunity particularly for whites was reinforced by the expansion into Texas. How did western expansion affect the sectional tensions between the North and South? A belief in manifest destiny, which maintained that it was the United States' right and fate to colonize the continent, moved the United States and its population during the first part of the nineteenth century. Technology, in particular the railroad, significantly sped up the

rate of expansion. By putting the question of the spread of slavery into the West to the frontline, expansion exacerbated the divisions between the North and South. From time to time, quick agreements helped to reduce the tension, but nothing ever managed to reconcile the North and South's core disagreements. While compromises on slavery, states' rights, and economic matters were made to appease both the North and the South, they fell short of resolving the divisions and averting the Civil War. How did the market revolution contribute to the rise of the Republican Party? How did those economic and political factors serve to unite groups in the Northeast and in the Northwest, and why was that unity significant? As soon as the railways were finished, the economy in the North flourished far faster than it did in the South, uniting the northeastern cities with the commercial and agricultural hubs in the northwest. Their political union within the Republican Party was made possible by the economic convergence. What was the Slave Power and why did many northerners feel threatened by it? The Slave Power were the political leaders of the South who supported slavery. Northerners felt threatened by it because it was opposite of the idea of freedom that America was suppose to represent. If slavery was to expand it would deny people from becoming landowners or getting jobs if a state was to become a slave state. America was split into two political parties the north which was antislavery and the south which was pro slavery. The South had almost equal amounts of people and power as the North in Congress. If more states were to become slave holding states there would be more supporters of slaves in the government. There was a possibility that the whole continent would eventually be a slave holding nation. Slave Power had a influence in congress and threaten the future of the nation with more slavery. How did the Dred Scott decision spark new debates over citizenship for African-Americans? Three major issues were raised by the Dred Scott case before the Supreme Court: 1. Given that they were technically not citizens, could slaves file legal claims? 2. Could Congress forbid suffrage in a particular territory? 3. Does living in a free state declare a slave free? The court determined that technically, slaves could not sue since they did not possess any rights that a white man was required to uphold, including the right to file a lawsuit. The Supreme Court chose to proceed with the case despite the fact that it highlighted many significant issues, concluding that Congress lacks the authority to outlaw slavery in a territory and that the man was still a slave even if he lived in a free state. Based on the Lincoln-Douglas debates, how did the two differ on the expansion of slavery, equal rights, and the role of the national government? Use examples of their words to illustrate your points. Lincoln and Douglas had drastically different views on the growth of slavery; Douglas was a proponent, while Lincoln wished to stop it. A house divided against itself would not endure, according to Lincoln, who believed that the United States should either

accept slavery everywhere or abolish it totally. Douglas supported popular sovereignty, which gave each state the option to choose whether or not to be a free or slave state. Douglas believed that black men should remain inferior, so despite the fact that Lincoln was an abolitionist, he and Douglas agreed that blacks should not be made equal to whites. Lincoln backed colonialism. Overall, Lincoln believed the United States must make a decision while Douglas believed in expansion, popular sovereignty, and self- government. Why did Stephen Douglas, among others, believe that popular sovereignty could resolve sectional divisions of the 1850s? Why did the idea not work out? Stephen Douglas thought that popular sovereignty could settle regional disputes because there is no way for the beliefs of the various governments to compromise and come to an agreement. He supported the continued usage of slaves and wanted to battle for popular sovereignty to do so. The plan failed because he was unable to persuade everyone, and since our founding fathers previously wrote and signed the constitution, which established our current system of governance. The majority of people in the north and some in the south believed that slavery should be abolished at the time because it is not humane. Explain how sectional voting patterns in the 1860 presidential election allowed southern fire- eaters to justify secession. Many Southerners believed that Lincoln's win left their future in the hands of a party that was openly opposed to their culture and interests. Those who supported secession did not think that Lincoln's administration would act swiftly to end slavery in the states. The 1860 election signaled a change in the balance of power at the start of a significant period of Republican control, which the southerners perceived as putting their entire way of life in jeopardy. Republicans' attempts to expand their party into the south by appealing to non-slaveholders alarmed slaveowners. The political leaders of the Deep South fought for their region's independence rather than settling for a life as a permanent minority in a country led by their rivals. What do the California gold rush and the opening of Japan reveal about the United States involvement in a global economic system? The California gold rush and the opening of Japan revealed that the United States is becoming a global economy. We were generating a large amount of gold that would be used worldwide, and it was also the first time Japan had spoken with a foreign government in two decades. This allowed us to trade with China by opening up two ports for fueling. Chapter 14 What made the American Civil War the first modern war? The American Civil War is said to as the first modern war due to the use of civilian targets, the ability to exploit resources, society's support for the war, and the evolution of combat technology. For ordinary people, it was a propaganda war in which both sides

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