Chapter 8 Questions

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Loyola University Chicago *

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318A

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History

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Apr 3, 2024

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How, why, and where did the Muslims conquer in the period 632–750? In 632 Muhammed died, and the Muslims began to conquer Byzantine and Persian territories. They did this because they believed that it was their duty to spread Islam. The Muslims welcomed people from different cultures into their empire, making it easier for them to rule over diverse regions. They also used strong armies to win battles, while the caliphs conquered the Byzantine and Persian empires. They first conquered Byzantine territory in Egypt and Syria, and then went on to conquer the Persian Empire by 651. What stresses did the Byzantine Empire endure in the seventh and eighth centuries, and how was iconoclasm a response to those stresses? Plagues, earthquakes, and wars against invading Salvs and Bulgars were some stresses that the Byzantine Empire endured. In 726 the Byzantine territory was conquered by the Islamic armies, and after a volcano erupted in the middle of the Aegean sea, Emperor Leo III denounced icons. He wanted all religious images to be destroyed, so he tore down the great image of Christ that used to stand at the gateway to the imperial palace. He believed that iconoclasm would help solve some of his troubles and unite the people in their faith. What were the similarities and differences among the kingdoms that emerged in western Europe? One similarity among the kingdoms that emerged in western Europe is that they all had rulers or kings that held power, and also had a social system where the nobles were important. Some differences among the kingdoms that emerged in western Europe is that some of the kingdoms were bigger and more powerful than others, and they also had different cultures and languages. Making Connections What were the similarities and the differences in political organizations of the Islamic, Byzantine, and western European societies in the period 600–750? Some similarities in political organizations of the Islamic, Byzantine and western European societies include having powerful rulers. In Byzantine and Islamic societies their rulers were called caliphs, and in western Europe they had kings. One difference is that the western Europe political structure was more isolated with many smaller kingdoms and local rulers, while the Byzantine and Islamic societies had a strong central government with clear rules. Compare and contrast the roles of religion in the Islamic, Byzantine, and western European worlds in the period 600–750. In the Byzantine empire, the emperor was seen as both a political and religious leader, and the Christian Orthodox Church had a strong connection to the government. In the Islamic empire,
their religion, Islam, was a central part of life that shaped culture, laws, and daily practices. The Islamic caliphs were seen as both religious figures and political leaders. In contrast, in western Europe, the relationship between political rulers and the Christian Church was complicated, with the political power being more dispersed among multiple lords and kings. Compare the material resources of the Islamic, Byzantine, and western European governments in the period 600–750. The Byzantine empire in Constantinople served as a major trade hub connecting Europe and Asia, making it economically strong as well as having a tax system that generated income and a well organized bureaucracy. The Islamic empire had fertile lands for agriculture and brought wealth from different parts of the world because they had access to valuable trade routes. In contrast, the western European kingdoms had less material resources overall, with smaller territories and limited access to trade routes.
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