AP_EURO_HRG_Unit_9_Noteguide_Answers

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page 1 of 20 © Heimler’s History TM Please do not share or post online. *Advanced Placement ® and AP ® are trademarks registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product. ANSWERS UNIT 9 Cold War and Contemporary Europe HEIMLER REVIEW GUIDE How did the United States use the Marshall Plan as a means to strengthen democracy in Europe? • The US offered money to any European country that was struggling to rebuild after World War II as long as they promised to implement a democratic government. These countries would serve as the US allies and buffer during the 50 years of the Cold War. • World War II created a power vacuum as it left the former center of International politics, Europe, devastated. The US, the only industrial nation at the time that was still intact, stepped in to fill that vacuum, and it used the Marshall Plan as means to strengthen the other Western Democracies to counter the perceived threat of communism from the Soviet Union. • Countered by the Soviet Union who offered money to the Eastern European States who embraced Communism, to rebuild after World War II. Answers from Video: Extra Info/Evidence: VIDEO NOTES : REBUILDING EUROPE For additional review, watch .
page 2 of 20 © Heimler’s History TM Please do not share or post online. *Advanced Placement ® and AP ® are trademarks registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product. ANSWERS UNIT 9 Cold War and Contemporary Europe HEIMLER REVIEW GUIDE VIDEO NOTES : REBUILDING EUROPE (CONT.) Compare and contrast the Dawes Plan and the Marshall Plan in terms of their motivations and their successes as related to rebuilding Europe after war. Answers from Video: Extra Info/Evidence: • Dawes Plan • Banks supplied the money specifically to Germany to help it rebuild. In turn Germany could use the money to pay off the reparations it owed to Britain and France which would help them rebuild. • Marshall Plan • Rather than private banks supplying the money and filtering the aid to most of Europe through one country, Germany, the Marshall Plan was federally funded and provided direct aid to the individual countries. • Both plans were examples of realpolitik as they were both ultimately means of helping to stabilize Europe to avoid another War which ould inevitably benefit the United States. • Marshall Plan is an early example of containment. The stronger the US could help make the Western European Democracies the more likely they would be able to fend off the spread of Communism from Eastern Europe.
page 3 of 20 © Heimler’s History TM Please do not share or post online. *Advanced Placement ® and AP ® are trademarks registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product. ANSWERS UNIT 9 Cold War and Contemporary Europe HEIMLER REVIEW GUIDE Identify and explain when and why the Cold War began between the United States and the Soviet Union. For additional review, watch . • Stalin’s reneging on his word to allow the Eastern European countries to hold free elections after World War II increased an already existing distrust of Stalin that the West, specifically the United States had. This distrust would continue to intensify over the next 50 years throughout the Cold War. • Division of Germany - Potsdam Conference • Germany had been divided after World War II into 4 occupation Zones, with each of the 4 members of the Allies controlling one sector. • Within the sector controlled by the USSR was the German capital and center of its industry Berlin. • Ultimately due to ideological differences as well as different beliefs on how to control Germany, there was no way for the 4 allies to continue to work together and Germany was divided into communist East Germany and democratic West Germany. • Berlin was also divided, creating an island of democracy in the middle of a sea of communism. • This divide was a physical manifestation of the ideological divide that would define the next 50 years. Answers from Video: Extra Info/Evidence: • Unlike a Hot War there is no defining event that can be pinpointed as the start of the Cold War. However there are numerous events that one could argue started the Cold War. • 1918 - US failed to recognize Bolshevik regime - some historians will point to this as the start of the Cold War. • Death of FDR and Truman’s Presidency - Stalin’s relationship with FDR was one of respect, at least on Stalin’s side. However, when Roosevelt suddenly died in 1945 and Truman became president that same respect that Stalin had for FDR did not transfer over, and the relationship between the two Allies quickly deteriorated. VIDEO NOTES : THE COLD WAR
page 4 of 20 © Heimler’s History TM Please do not share or post online. *Advanced Placement ® and AP ® are trademarks registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product. ANSWERS UNIT 9 Cold War and Contemporary Europe HEIMLER REVIEW GUIDE VIDEO NOTES : THE COLD WAR (CONT.) Answers from Video: Extra Info/Evidence: Identify and explain when and why the Cold War began between the United States and the Soviet Union. (CONT.) • Churchill’s Iron Curtain Speech • In 1946 Winston Churchill gave a speech declaring that an “Iron Curtain” had befallen Europe, dividing it East and West with communism taking hold in the East and democracy taking hold in the West. • This speech was one of the first articulations of the divide that would define the Cold War. • Arms Race was probably the scariest and most prominent aspect of the Cold War. It was initiated by the United States with the Manhattan Project and the establishment of the Atomic Bombs that were dropped on Japan at the end of World War II. It wasn’t long before the Soviets also produced nuclear weapons and the two sides proceeded to build up their arsenals, and supply their allies with nuclear capabilities. The fear that this created was a major contributor to the tensions that defined the Cold War. • The Kennan Telegram - in 1946 George Kennan, the US Ambassador to the Soviet Union sent a telegram to Washington stating that Stalin and his regime were evil and not to be trusted. This was the first time that anyone had written down or recorded the distrust that the US had for Stalin and his regime. • Just as we can’t pinpoint one date as the start, we also can’t pinpoint one reason for the onset of the Cold War. More likely it is a combination of a number of different things. • Bi-Polar World with Two Big Superpowers - this goes along with the fact that WWII established a power vacuum in Europe and it was the US and the USSR who were first to fill that vacuum. The two countries established themselves as Superpowers and for the next 50 years the two competed with each other for the support and alliance of countries throughout the world. • Mirror Imaging - Misperceptions - this theory is based on the idea that it didn’t matter what the US did or the USSR did, the other was going to see it as bad and evil, while seeing all of their own decisions as good and right.
page 5 of 20 © Heimler’s History TM Please do not share or post online. *Advanced Placement ® and AP ® are trademarks registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product. ANSWERS UNIT 9 Cold War and Contemporary Europe HEIMLER REVIEW GUIDE VIDEO NOTES : THE COLD WAR (CONT.) Even Though the Cold War was a period where there were no direct conflicts between the US and the Soviet Union, it identified how both nations used “proxy wars” to advance their objectives. For additional review, watch . • Korean War • In the 1950s the United States through its enrollment in the UN sent troops to defend South Korea against Communist North Korea. This was a localized civil war, however both Communist USSR and Communist China were feeding money and supplies into North Korea, and the United States through the veil of the United Nations was helping the South Korean effort. In the end it ended with the establishment of a demilitarized zone at the 38th parallel, dividing North and South Korea, with the North remaining communist and the South democratic. • Vietnam War • In 1960s and 70s the United States sent troops to Vietnam in a “police action” in an attempt to stop the spread of communism from North Vietnam into South Vietnam. The aim here was to provide enough aid to noncommunist South Vietnam so that it could fend off the advances of communist North Vietnam. Again this was not a direct conflict between the US and the USSR however, both countries aided their respective sides with money, armaments and in the case of the US men. • Berlin Airlift • Since Berlin, the capital and industrial center of Germany, was inside the Soviet occupied zone of Germany, the democratic Allies, the US, Britain and France, could not just cede Berlin to the Soviet Union. It was decided to divide Berlin into 4 occupations zones as well, thus creating East and West Berlin. West Berlin was the democratic side, and it was essentially trapped in the middle of a sea of communism. The Soviet Union wanted to push their former allies out of Berlin and proceeded to shut down all trade and travel in and out of West Berlin, hoping to choke the Allies out. This ended in a giant game of chicken between the US and their allies began to airlift supplies into West Berlin. At any moment a hot war could have broken out between the sides, but in the end the Soviet Union backed down and reopened access in and out of West Berlin. Answers from Video: Extra Info/Evidence:
page 6 of 20 © Heimler’s History TM Please do not share or post online. *Advanced Placement ® and AP ® are trademarks registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product. ANSWERS UNIT 9 Cold War and Contemporary Europe HEIMLER REVIEW GUIDE Answers from Video: Extra Info/Evidence: VIDEO NOTES : THE COLD WAR (CONT.) Even Though the Cold War was a period where there were no direct conflicts between the US and the Soviet Union, it identified how both nations used “proxy wars” to advance their objectives. (CONT.) • NATO • The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was a military alliance between the Western Democracies. Together they pledged to defend each other against the spread of communism. • Warsaw Pact • The Warsaw Pact was created in response to NATO and similarly it was a military alliance designed to defend each other against the democracies of the West. • Cuban Missile Crisis • Like the Berlin Airlift, this was a close call in terms of ending in a direct conflict between the two Superpowers. In response to the US putting nuclear weapons in Turkey aimed at Moscow, the USSR put nuclear weapons in Cuba aimed at the United States. Once again the US and the USSR found themselves engaged in a giant game of chicken, and for 13 days the world held their breath before ultimately the USSR backed down and removed the weapons and President Kennedy’s request. • Afghanistan • The Soviet Union, which borders Afghanistan, wanted to impose a communist dictatorship there that would be a puppet of the Soviet Government. The US under Ronald Reagan backed the Taliban as it was not Communist. This was a successful attempt by the US to contain communism even though the US was not defending a democracy.
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