Research plan 2 and annotated bib (1)

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Jan 9, 2024

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Research Question: What were elemental causes and lasting effects of the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre Thesis Statement: The Tulsa Race Massacre was an eruption of violence seen as a huge consequence manifested from racial tensions that stemmed from residential segregation, economic resentment, and false allegations against Black residents and event ultimately led to the devastation of the flourishing Greenwood Black community for years to come, reinforcing racial inequality within Tulsa. Significance Blurb: The Tulsa race riots of 1921 represent one of the worst episodes of racial violence in US history. On May 31st, a white crowd stormed Greenwood, an affluent black neighborhood in Tulsa known at the time as “Black Wall Street." Triggered by unemployment and animus toward black prosperity, the mob ravaged over 1,000 residences and shops over two days. This demolition effectively razed one of the most thriving African American municipalities in the early 20th century, resulting in numerous fatalities and decimating a once-vibrant community. The calamity exposes harsh realities regarding race relations and civil rights in 1920s America. Firstly, it demonstrates how readily white lynch mobs could obliterate black lives and belongings without reprisal. The complicity of lawmen and officials highlights the systemic racism that enabled such barbarity. Secondly, it underscores the ongoing economic repression of African Americans decades after emancipation. The destruction of Greenwood represented an assault on black autonomy and affluence. Finally, the subsequent whitewashing and omission of the riots from formal histories and public memory signifies an attempt to maintain dominant narratives of steadys and public memory signifies an attempt to maintain dominant narratives of steady racial advancement.The legacy of the Tulsa race riots endures today. The neighborhood remained economically depressed for decades owing to the damage and divestment. Descendants of riot casualties continue crusading for justice and reparations. The history illuminates modern issues of racial brutality, resegregation, and wealth disparities. As evidenced by widespread protests over police violence and racism in recent years, America still struggles to acknowledge and redress its history of racial injustice. The tale of Greenwood provides an essential case study in how white supremacy, mob lawlessness, and official complicity have molded cities and the political and economic marginalization of black communities over generations. Reexamining this past can enlighten efforts toward reconciliation, reparations, and more equitable policies. In summary, analyzing the origins and repercussions of the Tulsa race riots furnishes vital context for comprehending the roots of modern-day racial imbalances and power dynamics in America. The atrocity epitomizes the compounding impact of racist

violence and presents a stark counterpoint to presumptions of steady racial improvement. Centering this history can assist in rectifying systemic inequities and barriers confronting African American communities today. Annotated Bibliography 1Citation: Of, Oklahoma Commission to Riot. Tulsa Race Riot: A Report by the Oklahoma Commission to Study the Race Riot of 1921 . Createspace Independent Publishing Platform, 2001. Annotation: This primary source is a field order penned by Charles F. Barrett, an officer in the Oklahoma National Guard, on June 2nd, 1921, the day following the Tulsa Race Riot. The order proclaims martial law, outlines regulations for Tulsa citizens including weapons seizure and censorship, and charges the National Guard with controlling "negro districts." The document furnishes a first-hand account of the authorities' response to the unrest and reveals the National Guard's role in subjugating Black Tulsans after the riots. As a legal order enforcing martial law, the document also exhibits the suspension of rights and freedoms for Black residents subsequent to the turmoil. Overall, the field order provides insights into the climate of racial oppression enabled by government forces following the catastrophic decimation of the Greenwood vicinity. 2Citation: Carlson, I. Marc. “Selected Postcards.” The Tulsa Race Massacre (blog). Accessed July 27, 2020. Annotation: This online source comprises a blog entry by I. Marc Carlson that furnishes commentary on and scans of historical postcards portraying the Greenwood vicinity in Tulsa before and after the 1921 race riots. Carlson analyzes the postcards' symbolism and messages to expose public perceptions of Black Tulsans during the early 1900s. The juxtaposition of the neighborhood's comparative prosperity in earlier postcards with the post-riot wreckage exhibits the physical devastation and corrosion of Black social standing induced by the brutality. As visual primary sources, these postcards proffer perspective on Greenwood's vitality as a Black community preceding its demolition and furnish stark visual documentation of the riots' aftermath. The postcards and Carlson's analysis illuminate how outlooks on race and Black communities shifted dramatically surrounding the timeframe of the Tulsa race riots. Citation3: “Kill Ordinance!” The Black Dispatch , September 8, 1921, p. 1. Annotation: This September 1921 newspaper piece from The Black Dispatch decries a proposed ordinance in Tulsa that would have legalized the city extending the fire limits into the rebuilt Greenwood vicinity. The ordinance exemplifies endeavors to prevent Black Tulsans from reconstructing their homes and enterprises following the destruction of the race riots. As an African American newspaper, The Black Dispatch furnishes vital perspective on how the Black community responded to racist policies enacted in the riots' aftermath. The impassioned call to

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